Stabilisation of biological samples

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods, compositions and devices for stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population in a cell-containing biological sample and for stabilizing the transcriptome of contained cells.

The work leading to this invention has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 222916.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The technology disclosed herein inter alia relates to methods and compositions suitable for stabilizing a cell-containing sample, in particular a blood sample, and to methods for isolating nucleic acids from respectively stabilized biological samples.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is 771025_411USPC_SEQUENCE_LISTING.txt. The text file is 25.7 KB, was created on Mar. 8, 2015, and is being submitted electronically via EFS-Web.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nucleic acids are important biomarkers in the diagnostic field. E.g. profiles of transcripts of the genome (in particular mRNA and miRNA) are widely used as biomarkers in molecular in vitro diagnostics and provide inside into normal biological and pathological processes with the hope of predicting disease outcome and indicating individualised courses of therapy. Therefore, profiling of nucleic acids, in particular RNA, is important in disease diagnosis, prognosis and in clinical trials for biomarker discovery. The ability to obtain quantitative information from the transcriptional profile is a powerful tool to explore basic biology, diagnose disease, facilitate drug development, tailor therapeutics to specific pathologies and genetic profiles and also to generate databases relevant to biological or therapeutic processes and pathways. Significant improvements of downstream assays and data analyses (analytical process) have been made during the last years. However, it was found that the preanalytical steps, such as sample handling and sample stabilisation, in particular for new biomolecular targets, have a severe impact on the expression profile and may compromise the subsequent analysis (see for example Hasid et al, 2001, Pahl and Brune, 2002). Without precaution in the stabilisation of the sample to be analysed, the sample will undergo changes during transport and storage that may severely alter the expression profile of the targeted molecules (see for example Rainen et al, 2002; Baechler et al, 2004). Thus, gene expression, in particular blood cell gene expression is sensitive to ex vivo handling of the sample. If the expression profile is altered due to the handling of the sample, the subsequent analysis does not reflect the original situation of the sample and hence of the patient but rather measure an artificial profile generated during sample handling, transport and storage. Therefore, optimized stabilisation processes are needed which stabilise the expression profile thereby allowing the reliable analysis. In particular, there is a need to stabilize blood samples in order to allow the analysis of blood cell gene expression profiles.

Stabilisation of samples such as in particular blood samples for a longer period was formally performed with the addition of organic solvents such as phenol and/or chloroform or by direct freezing in liquid nitrogen or using dry ice. These methods are not at all practicable techniques for hospitals, doctor surgeries or diagnostic routine laboratories. To overcome these problems, PreAnalytiX developed the first research product for the collection of human blood with an evacuated blood collection tube that contains reagents for an immediate stabilisation of the RNA gene expression profile at the point of sample collection (PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes). The respective stabilisation composition allows the transport and storage at room temperature without the risk of changes in the RNA profile by gene induction and transcript degradation (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,617,170, 7,270,953, Kruhoffer et al, 2007). Other stabilisation agents that achieve an immediate lysis of the sample, here blood, are sold by ABI/Life Technologies under the name Tempus Blood RNA tube product. Another product is the Biomatrica Vacuette RNAgard Blood Tube. Also with this tube lysis occurs immediately during collection and RNases are inactivated shown by intact RNA over time of blood incubation. The disadvantage of the respective methods is that the stabilisation results in the complete lysis of the cells. The destruction of the cells results in that intracellular nucleic acids become mixed with extracellular nucleic acids which prevents the separate analysis of these two nucleic acid populations. Furthermore, not only the quality and quantity of the isolated nucleic acids respectively their expression profile is of analytical interest, but also the presence, absence or number of specific cells contained in the sample such as for example a blood sample. The destruction of the cells is a great disadvantage because any cell sorting or cell enrichment respectively cell analysis becomes impossible.

Therefore, very often specific stabilisation reagents, respectively blood collection tubes are provided that are specifically intended for the stabilisation of cells. The respective products allow to investigate the cellular content of the sample after storage, for example to detect the presence of tumor cells for example by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or changes of the ratio of different white blood cells to each other by flow cytometry (FC) or FACS analysis. E.g. many workflows use standard EDTA blood collection tubes for flow cytometry or FACS analysis, although blood cells show minor lysis over time of storage. A further product from Streck Inc. is a direct-draw vacuum blood collection tube for the preservation of whole blood samples for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. It preserves white blood cell antigens allowing subsets of leucocytes to be distinguished by flow cytometry analysis. The technology to maintain the integrity of the white blood cell cluster of differentiation (CD) markers is e.g. covered by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,460,797 and 5,459,073.

However, using different stabilisation reagents and accordingly stabilisation tubes for collecting the sample for nucleic acid analysis and cell analysis is tedious. There is a need to reduce the number of different sample collection tubes, for example blood collection tubes, per draw at the patients' site that are dedicated to different downstream assays (e.g. detection of cells and analysis of RNA). Therefore, sample collection and stabilisation systems are needed, which preserve the cell's morphology while at the same time stabilising the nucleic acids.

To address the need of simultaneous cell stabilisation and nucleic acid stabilisation, stabilisation systems were developed that are based on the use of formaldehyde releasers. Respective stabilisation agents are commercially available from Streck Inc. under the name of cell-free RNA BCT (blood collection tube). The 10 ml blood collection tube is intended for the preservation and stabilisation of cell-free RNA in plasma for up to 3 days at room temperature. The preservative stabilizes cell-free RNA in plasma and prevents the release of non-target background RNA from blood cells during sample processing and storage. US 2011/0111410 describes the use of formaldehyde releasing components to achieve cell and RNA stabilisation in the same blood sample. Therefore, this document describes a technique wherein the stabilisation agent stabilises the blood cells in the drawn blood thereby preventing contamination of cellular RNA with cell-free RNA or globin RNA, inhibits the RNA synthesis for at least 2 hours and cellular RNA that is within the blood cells is preserved to keep the protein expression pattern of the blood cells substantially unchanged to the time of the blood draw. The white blood cells can be isolated from the respectively stabilised sample and cellular RNA is than extracted from the white blood cells. However, nucleic acid isolation from respectively stabilised samples is very difficult, because the used formaldehyde releaser interferes with the subsequent nucleic acid isolation process. Therefore, the nucleic acid yield and/or purity is severely reduced compared to the isolation of nucleic acids that were stabilised using stabilization methods that specifically aim at the stabilization and isolation of nucleic acids such as RNA (for example the PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes).

Furthermore, methods are known in the prior art for stabilizing cell-containing samples, such as blood or tissue samples, which stabilize the cells, the transcriptome, genome and proteome. Such a method is e.g. disclosed in WO 2008/145710. Said method is based on the use of specific stabilizing compounds. In contrast to stabilization methods that involve a formaldehyde releaser, the isolation of nucleic acids is not impaired by the stabilization agents.

A further nucleic acid species present in cell-containing biological samples that are of clinical interest are extracellular nucleic acids. Extracellular nucleic acids have been identified in blood, plasma, serum and other body fluids. Extracellular nucleic acids that are found in respective samples are to a certain extent degradation resistant due to the fact that they are protected from nucleases (e.g. because they are secreted in form of a proteolipid complex, are associated with proteins or are contained in vesicles). The presence of elevated levels of extracellular nucleic acids such as DNA and/or RNA in many medical conditions, malignancies, and infectious processes is of interest inter alia for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, surveillance for disease progression, for identifying potential therapeutic targets, and for monitoring treatment response. Additionally, elevated fetal DNA/RNA in maternal blood is being used to determine e.g. gender identity, assess chromosomal abnormalities, and monitor pregnancy-associated complications. Thus, extracellular nucleic acids are in particular useful in non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis and can be used e.g. as diagnostic markers in many fields of application, such as non-invasive prenatal genetic testing, oncology, transplantation medicine or many other diseases and, hence, are of diagnostic relevance (e.g. fetal- or tumor-derived nucleic acids). However, extracellular nucleic acids are also found in healthy human beings. Common applications and analysis methods of extracellular nucleic acids are e.g. described in WO97/035589, WO97/34015, Swarup et al, FEBS Letters 581 (2007) 795-799, Fleischhacker Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1075: 40-49 (2006), Fleischhacker and Schmidt, Biochmica et Biophysica Acta 1775 (2007) 191-232, Hromadnikova et al (2006) DNA and Cell biology, Volume 25, Number 11 pp 635-640; Fan et al (2010) Clinical Chemistry 56:8.

Traditionally, the first step of isolating extracellular nucleic acids from a cell-containing biological sample such as blood is to obtain an essentially cell-free fraction of said sample, e.g. either serum or plasma in the case of blood. The extracellular nucleic acids are then isolated from said cell-free fraction, commonly plasma when processing a blood sample. However, obtaining an essentially cell-free fraction of a sample can be problematic and the separation is frequently a tedious and time consuming multi-step process as it is important to use carefully controlled conditions to prevent cell breakage during centrifugation which could contaminate the extracellular nucleic acids with cellular nucleic acids released during breakage. Furthermore, it is often difficult to remove all cells. Thus, many processed samples that are often and commonly classified as “cell-free” such as plasma or serum in fact still contain residual amounts of cells that were not removed during the separation process. Another important consideration is that cellular nucleic acid are released from the cells contained in the sample due to cell breakage during ex vivo incubation, typically within a relatively short period of time from a blood draw event. Once cell lysis begins, the lysed cells release additional nucleic acids which become mixed with the extracellular nucleic acids and it becomes increasingly difficult to recover the extracellular nucleic acids for testing. These problems are discussed in the prior art (see e.g. Chiu et al (2001), Clinical Chemistry 47:9 1607-1613; Fan et al (2010) and US2010/0184069). Further, the amount and recoverability of available extracellular nucleic acids can decrease substantially over time due to degradation.

Methods are known in the prior art that specifically aim at stabilizing circulating nucleic acids contained in whole blood. One method employs the use of formaldehyde to stabilize the cell membranes, thereby reducing the cell lysis and furthermore, formaldehyde inhibits nucleases. Respective methods are e.g. described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,332,277 and 7,442,506. However, the use of formaldehyde or formaldehyde-releasing substances has drawbacks, as they may compromise the efficacy of extracellular nucleic acid isolation by induction of crosslinks between nucleic acid molecules or between proteins and nucleic acids. Alternative methods to stabilize blood samples are described e.g. in US 2010/0184069 and US 2010/0209930. This demonstrates the great need for providing means to stabilise cell-containing biological samples, to allow the efficient recovery of e.g. extracellular nucleic acids contained in such samples.

There is still a continuous need to develop sample processing techniques which result in a stabilisation of the gene expression profile and the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing biological sample, such as a whole blood sample, thereby making the handling, respectively processing of such stabilized samples easier.

It is the object of the present invention to overcome at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art sample stabilization methods. In particular, it is an object to provide a method that is capable of stabilising a cell-containing sample, in particular a whole blood sample. In particular, it is an object to provide a sample stabilization method, which allows to stabilize nucleic acids contained in the cell-containing sample. Furthermore, it is an object to provide a sample stabilization method, which is not based on cell lysis and stabilizes the extracellular nucleic acid population contained in the cell-containing sample as well as the gene expression profile of contained cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the finding that certain additives are surprisingly effective in stabilizing cell-containing biological samples comprising extracellular nucleic acids, in particular whole blood samples or samples derived from whole blood such as e.g. blood plasma. It was found that these additives are highly efficient in stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population and in particular are capable to avoid or at least significantly reduce contaminations with genomic DNA, in particular fragmented genomic DNA. Furthermore, it was found that these additives also capable of stabilizing gene expression profiles of contained cells, thereby allowing the reliable profiling of gene expression. In contrast to prior art methods, the stabilization effect is not based on cell lysis. Therefore, the stabilization technologies described herein also allow the separate analysis of the extracellular and intracellular nucleic acid population if desired. Furthermore, the stabilization described herein allows to analyze cells contained in the stabilized sample, e.g. the cell morphology and/or cell surface characteristics.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, a method for stabilizing a cell-containing sample is provided, wherein a sample is contacted with at least one compound according to formula 1

wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an alkyl residue, R2 and R3 are identical or different hydrocarbon residues with a length of the carbon chain of 1-20 atoms arranged in a linear or branched manner, and R4 is an oxygen, sulphur or selenium residue and wherein said compound according to formula 1 is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide.

N,N-dialkylpropanamides such as N,N dimethlypropanamide are very effective stabilizing agents for cell-containing samples, in particular blood samples. It was found that adding a respective compound has an advantageous stabilizing effect on the extracellular nucleic acid population. As is shown by the examples, compound according to formula 1 which are N,N-dialkylpropanamides are suitable for stabilizing an extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing sample. Furthermore, as is shown by the examples, these compounds are suitable for stabilizing and thus preserving the gene transcription profile of contained cells. As is show by the examples, after stabilization, changes in the gene expression profile are reduced or even prevented during the stabilization period. Thus, the gene expression profile is basically “freezed” upon stabilization with an N,N-dialkylpropanamide and thus preserved at the state of sample collection, respectively sample stabilization. Preferably, the cell-containing sample is selected from whole blood, plasma or serum. Furthermore, the cell stabilizing properties achieved allow to analyse and also separate specific cells contained in the stabilized sample such as e.g. blood cells or circulating tumor cells contained in a blood sample.

In order to enhance the stabilization effect, it is also an object of the present invention to provide combinations of stabilizing agents e.g. in order to stabilize the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing sample and/or the gene transcription profile of contained cells. A respective combination may comprise at least one compound according to formula 1 as defined above, which is an N,N dialkylpropanamide and at least one apoptosis inhibitor. Surprisingly, it was found that an apoptosis inhibitor such as in particular a caspase inhibitor reduces contaminations of the extracellular nucleic acid population with intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, that originate from cells contained in the sample, e.g. from damaged or dying cells. Thus, the stabilization combination which includes an apoptosis inhibitor is very effective in substantially preserving the extracellular nucleic acid population contained in the sample in the state it had shown at the time the biological sample was obtained, respectively collected.

A respective combination may also comprise additional additives that enhance the stabilizing effect such as e.g. chelating agents. In case the sample is blood or a sample derived from blood, usually an anticoagulant is also added. Chelating agents such as e.g. EDTA are suitable for this purpose. Respective stabilizing combinations can be advantageously used in the method for stabilizing a cell-containing sample according to the first aspect.

According to a second aspect, a method for isolating nucleic acids from a biological sample is provided, wherein said method comprises the steps of:

-   -   a) stabilizing a cell-containing sample according to the method         defined in the first aspect of the present invention;     -   b) isolating nucleic acids from the stabilized sample.

Stabilization in step a) is achieved according to the first aspect according to the present invention as described above. As discussed above, the stabilization according to the present invention inter alia has the effect that the extracellular nucleic acid population contained in the sample is substantially preserved in the state it had shown at the time the biological sample was obtained, respectively collected. Therefore, extracellular nucleic acids obtained from a respectively stabilized sample comprise less contaminations with intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, that results e.g. from decaying cells comprised in the sample compared to extracellular nucleic acids that are obtained from an unstabilized sample. The substantial preservation of the extracellular nucleic acid population is an important advantage because this stabilization/preservation enhances the accuracy of any subsequent tests. It allows for standardizing the isolation and subsequent analysis of the extracellular nucleic acid population, thereby making diagnostic or prognostic applications that are based on the extracellular nucleic acid fraction more reliable and more independent from the used storage/handling conditions. Thereby, the diagnostic and prognostic applicability of the respectively isolated extracellular nucleic acids is improved. In particular, the teachings of the present invention have the advantage that the ratio of certain extracellular nucleic acid molecules can be kept substantially constant compared to the ratio at the time the sample was collected. The stabilization achieves that intracellular nucleic acids are substantially kept within the cells and that extracellular nucleic acids are substantially stabilized. Furthermore, the stabilization methods described herein are also suitable for stabilizing the intracellular nucleic acids. After sample stabilization, intracellular RNA is protected from degradation and furthermore, changes in the gene transcription profile of contained cells are inhibited. Thus, the stabilization described herein in particular reduces in vitro degradation and minimizes gene induction. Therefore, intracellular nucleic acids isolated from respectively stabilized samples are well suitable e.g. for gene expression profiling and other analytical methods that require an accurate representation of in vivo transcript levels in the stabilized sample. Furthermore, advantageously, the stabilization method described herein allows if desired to isolate stabilized extracellular nucleic acids separately from stabilized intracellular nucleic acids from the same stabilized sample.

According to a third aspect, a composition suitable for stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample is provided, comprising:

-   -   a) at least one compound according to formula 1 as defined         above; and     -   b) at least one anticoagulant, preferably a chelating agent.

A respective stabilizing composition is particularly effective in stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample, in particular whole blood, plasma and/or serum by stabilizing cells and the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in said sample. Furthermore, a respective stabilizing composition is effective in stabilizing the gene transcription profile of contained cells. Furthermore, important cell characteristics such as e.g. the cell morphology and/or cell surface characteristics of contained cells can be preserved as is shown by the examples. A respective stabilizing composition allows the storage and/or handling, e.g. shipping, of the sample, e.g. whole blood, at room temperature for at least two, or preferably at least three days without substantially compromising the quality of the sample, respectively the extracellular nucleic acid population contained therein. Thus, when using the stabilization composition according to the present invention, the time between sample collection, e.g. blood collection, and nucleic acid extraction can vary without substantial effect on the extracellular nucleic acid population contained in the sample or the gene expression profile of contained cells. This is an important advantage as it reduces the variability in the extracellular nucleic acid population and the intracellular nucleic acid population, in particular transcript levels, attributable to different handling procedures. According to one embodiment, the composition additionally comprises at least one apoptosis inhibitor, preferably a caspase inhibitor.

According to a forth aspect, a container for collecting a cell-containing biological sample, preferably a blood sample, is provided wherein the container comprises a composition according to the third aspect of the present invention. Providing a respective container, e.g. a sample collection tube comprising the stabilizing composition has the advantage that the sample is immediately stabilized as soon as the sample is collected in the respective container. Furthermore, a respective sample collection container, in particular a blood collection tube, is capable of stabilising blood cells and their gene transcription profile and is capable of stabilizing extracellular nucleic acids and optionally, viruses respectively viral nucleic acids contained in a blood sample or a sample derived from blood. Thereby, a further problem was overcome.

According to a fifth aspect, a method is provided comprising the step of collecting, preferably withdrawing, a biological sample, preferably blood, from a patient directly into a chamber of a container according to the fourth aspect of the present invention.

According to a sixth aspect, a method of producing a composition according to the third aspect of the present invention is provided, wherein the components of the composition are mixed, preferably are mixed in a solution. The term “solution” as used herein in particular refers to a liquid composition, preferably an aqueous composition. It may be a homogenous mixture of only one phase but it is also within the scope of the present invention that a solution comprises solid components such as e.g. precipitates.

Other objects, features, advantages and aspects of the present application will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and appended claims. It should be understood, however, that the following description, appended claims, and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the application, are given by way of illustration only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1 to 4: Relative transcript levels of FOS, IL1B, IL8 and TP53 from samples of example 1. Transcripts were analysed using real time monoplex RT-PCR assays. Transcript levels given as cycle thresholds (CT) of individual samples are shown as white bars, means as black solid bars with standard deviations and control samples of an additional donor of a different experiment serving as positive control of gene expression changes and RT-PCR within each PCR run (plate control) as shaded bars.

FIG. 5: Fluorescence activated cell sorting (αCD3 FACS) analysis of sample aliquots from blood collected from one donor into EDTA tubes. Blood aliquots were subjected to FACS using PE-conjugated anti-CD3 antibody from samples that were not incubated after blood collection (0 h) and samples after one and three days of incubation at RT (24 h, 72 h). The number of fluorescence-labelled cells was counted and the intensity of the fluorescence signal per event was quantified. Intensity (x-axis) and number of fluorescence signals (y-axis) are shown as histograms. Thresholds were defined to differentiate unspecific weak fluorescence signals (−) from stronger specific fluorescence signals caused by specifically bound anti-CD3 antibody to cells (+). Thresholds are shown as dashed vertical lines in each picture.

FACS (−) control (EDTA)=Aliquots of blood collected into EDTA tubes that were kept untreated with the stabiliser and were not incubated with antibody (unstained samples) to serve as negative controls of FACS analysis. Weak signals detected are caused by autofluorescence and antibodies unspecifically bound (background staining).

FACS (+) control (EDTA)=Aliquots of blood collected into EDTA tubes that were kept untreated with the stabiliser and incubated with antibody (stained samples) to serve as positive controls of FACS analysis. Beside weak signals that appear also in the FACS (−) control, strong signals were detected that are exclusively caused by antibodies specifically bound to cells.

Test solution 5% v/v DMPA=Aliquots of blood collected into EDTA tubes and mixed with the stabiliser (final concentration of 5% v/v N,N-dimethylpropionamide, 5×MOPS buffer, pH5.5), followed by incubation with antibody (stained samples).

FACS (+) control/Test solution=Combined histograms of FACS (+) control (EDTA) [grey area] and Test sample [black line].

FIGS. 6-7: Influence of N,N-dimethylpropanamide without caspase inhibitor on 18S rDNA increase (example 2).

FIGS. 8-16: Influence of different concentrations of N,N-dimethylpropanamide in combination with caspase inhibitor on 18S rDNA increase (examples 3-5).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THIS INVENTION

The present invention is directed to methods, compositions and devices and thus to technologies suitable for stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing biological sample and/or the gene transcription profile of contained cells. The stabilization technologies disclosed herein e.g. reduce the risk that the extracellular nucleic acid population is contaminated with intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, which derives from, e.g. is released, from damaged and/or dying cells contained in the sample. Furthermore, the stabilizing technologies disclosed herein substantially preserve the gene transcription profile of contained cells, thereby allowing the reliable analysis of gene expression profiles. Furthermore, the stabilization described herein prevents contaminations of extracellular nucleic acids with intracellular nucleic acids and vice versa which allows a separate analysis of the extracellular nucleic acid population and the intracellular nucleic acids from the same stabilized cell-containing sample. Therefore, the present invention achieves the stabilization of the sample and hence the stabilization of the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised therein without the lysis of the contained cells. Rather, cells contained in the sample are stabilized thereby substantially preventing or reducing the release of intracellular nucleic acids. Furthermore, as is shown by the examples, the gene transcription profile of contained cells is substantially preserved, by inhibiting changes and thus alterations in the transcript levels. Furthermore, cells can be recovered from the stabilized samples and are suitable for different analyses. E.g. the cell morphology and/or the cell surface characteristics of contained can be analsed if desired. Furthermore, the stabilized sample can be analysed for the presence or absence of specific cells such as e.g. tumor cells, e.g. circulating tumor cells present in whole blood samples. The remarkable stabilization of nucleic acids that is achieved with the methods and compositions of the present invention allows the storage and/or handling of the stabilized sample for a prolonged period of time at room temperature without jeopardizing the quality of the sample, respectively the extracellular nucleic acids contained therein. As the composition of the extracellular nucleic acid population and the intracellular transcriptome is stabilized and thus substantially preserved at the time the sample is obtained by using the teachings of the present invention, the time between sample collection and nucleic acid extraction can vary without significant effect on the composition of the extracellular nucleic acids population. This allows the standardization of e.g. diagnostic or prognostic extracellular nucleic acid analysis because variations in the handling/storage of the samples have less influence on the quality, respectively the composition of the extracellular nucleic acid population, thereby providing an important advantage over prior art methods. Hence, the samples, respectively the extracellular nucleic acids obtained from respectively stabilized samples become more comparable. Furthermore, the achieved stabilization of the gene transcription profile of contained cells allows a reliable gene expression analysis even after prolonged storage of the stabilized samples. Furthermore, advantageously, the teachings of the present invention obviate the necessity to directly separate cells contained in the sample from the cell-free portion of the sample in order to avoid, respectively reduce contaminations of the extracellular nucleic acids with intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, that is otherwise released from decaying cells. This advantage considerably simplifies the handling of the samples, in particular the handling of whole blood samples. E.g. whole blood samples obtained in a clinic and stabilized according to the teachings of the present invention can be shipped at room temperature and the plasma containing the extracellular nucleic acids can be conveniently separated from the contained cells in the receiving clinical lab. However, the teachings of the invention are also advantageous when processing cell-depleted biological samples, or samples commonly referred to as “cell-free” such as e.g. blood plasma or serum. Respective cell-depleted or “cell-free” biological samples may still (also depending on the used separation process) comprise residual cells, in particular white blood cells which comprise genomic DNA, which accordingly, pose a risk that the extracellular nucleic acid population becomes increasingly contaminated with intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, if the (potentially) remaining cells are damaged or die during the shipping of storing process. This risk is considerably reduced when using the stabilization method taught by the present invention. Because the technology of the present invention allows to efficiently preserve the extracellular nucleic acid population of the sample and the gene expression profile of contained cells at the time the sample is collected and contacted with the stabilizing agents, said samples can be properly worked up in the receiving facilities in order to isolate the extracellular nucleic acids from said samples while substantially avoiding respectively reducing contaminations of the extracellular nucleic population with intracellular nucleic acids. Intracellular nucleic acids can be isolated from the stabilized cells and can be used e.g. for gene expression profiling. The facilities receiving the samples such as e.g. laboratories usually also have the necessary equipment such as e.g. high speed centrifuges (or other means, see also below) to efficiently remove cells comprised in the samples, including residual cells that might be present in cell-depleted samples such as e.g. in blood plasma. Such equipment is often not present in the facilities where the sample is obtained. Thus, the present invention has many advantages when stabilizing biological samples which comprise a large amount of cells such as e.g. whole blood samples, but also has important advantages when stabilizing biological samples which comprise only a small amount of cells or which may only be suspected of containing cells such as e.g. plasma, serum, urine, saliva, synovial fluids, amniotic fluid, lachrymal fluid, ichors, lymphatic fluid, liquor, cerebrospinal fluid and the like.

According to a first aspect, a method for stabilizing a cell-containing sample, preferably a blood sample, is provided, by contacting the sample with at least one compound according to formula 1

wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an alkyl residue, R2 and R3 are identical or different hydrocarbon residues with a length of the carbon chain of 1-20 atoms arranged in a linear or branched manner, and R4 is an oxygen, sulphur or selenium residue and wherein said compound according to formula 1 is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide.

Accordingly, in a first aspect a method is provided for stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample by contacting the sample with at least one N,N-dialkylpropanamide. A N,N-dialklpropanamide is a compound according to formula 1, wherein R1 is a C2 alkyl residue, R2 and R3 are identical or different alkyl residues and R4 is oxygen.

As is shown by the provided examples such compounds are inter alia effective in achieving a remarkable stabilizing effect on the cell-containing sample e.g. in substantially preserving the composition of the extracellular nucleic acid population in the stabilized sample. Thereby, the risk is reduced that the extracellular nucleic acid population is contaminated with intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA originating from contained cells, e.g. from damaged or dying cells and/or the degradation of nucleic acids present in the sample is reduced, respectively inhibited. This has the effect that the composition of the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in said sample is substantially preserved, respectively stabilized. Also a mixture of one or more compounds according to formula 1 can be used for stabilization.

The term “extracellular nucleic acids” or “extracellular nucleic acid” as used herein, in particular refers to nucleic acids that are not contained in cells. Respective extracellular nucleic acids are also often referred to as cell-free nucleic acids. These terms are used as synonyms herein. Hence, extracellular nucleic acids usually are present exterior of a cell or exterior of a plurality of cells within a sample. The term “extracellular nucleic acids” refers e.g. to extracellular RNA as well as to extracellular DNA. Examples of typical extracellular nucleic acids that are found in the cell-free fraction (respectively portion) of biological samples such as body fluids such as e.g. blood plasma include but are not limited to mammalian extracellular nucleic acids such as e.g. extracellular tumor-associated or tumor-derived DNA and/or RNA, other extracellular disease-related DNA and/or RNA, epigenetically modified DNA, fetal DNA and/or RNA, small interfering RNA such as e.g. miRNA and siRNA, and non-mammalian extracellular nucleic acids such as e.g. viral nucleic acids, pathogen nucleic acids released into the extracellular nucleic acid population e.g. from prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria), viruses, eukaryotic parasites or fungi. The extracellular nucleic acid population usually comprises certain amounts of intracellular nucleic acids that were released from damaged or dying cells. E.g. the extracellular nucleic acid population present in blood usually comprises intracellular globin mRNA that was released from damaged or dying cells. This is a natural process that occurs in vivo. Such intracellular nucleic acid present in the extracellular nucleic acid population can even serve the purpose of a control in a subsequent nucleic acid detection method. The stabilization method described herein in particular reduces the risk that the amount of intracellular nucleic acids, such as genomic DNA, that is comprised in the extracellular nucleic acid population is significantly increased after the cell-containing sample was collected due to the ex vivo handling of the sample. Thus, alterations of the extracellular nucleic acid population because of the ex vivo handling are reduced and can even be prevented. According to one embodiment, the extracellular nucleic acid is obtained from respectively is comprised in a body fluid as cell-containing biological sample such as e.g. blood, plasma, serum, saliva, urine, liquor, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, lachrymal fluid, sweat, amniotic or lymphatic fluid. Herein, we refer to extracellular nucleic acids that are obtained from circulating body fluids as circulating extracellular or circulating cell-free nucleic acids. According to one embodiment, the term extracellular nucleic acid in particular refers to mammalian extracellular nucleic acids. Examples include, but are not limited to disease-associated or disease-derived extracellular nucleic acids such as tumor-associated or tumor-derived extracellular nucleic acids, extracellular nucleic acids released due to inflammations or injuries, in particular traumata, extracellular nucleic acids related to and/or released due to other diseases, or extracellular nucleic acids derived from a fetus. The term “extracellular nucleic acids” or “extracellular nucleic acid” as described herein also refers to extracellular nucleic acids obtained from other samples, in particular biological samples other than body fluids. Usually, more than one extracellular nucleic acid is comprised in a sample. Usually, a sample comprises more than one kind or type of extracellular nucleic acids. The term “extracellular nucleic acid population” as used herein in partiuclar refers to the collective of different extracellular nucleic acids that are comprised in a cell-containing sample. A cell-containing sample usually comprises a characteristic and thus unique extracellular nucleic acid population. Thus, the type, kind and/or the the amount of one or more extracellular nucleic acids comprised in the extracellular nucleic acid population of a specific sample are important sample characteristics. As discussed above, it is therefore important to stabilize and thus to substantially preserve said extracellular nucleic acid population as its composition and/or the amount of one or more extracellular nucleic acids comprised in the extracellular nucleic acid population of a sample, can provide valuable information in the medical, prognostic or diagnostic field. Therefore, it is advantageous if the profile of the extracellular nucleic acid population is efficiently stabilized. In partiuclar, it is important to reduce the contamination and hence dilution of the extracellular nucleic acid population by intracellular nucleic acids, in partiuclar by genomic DNA, after the sample was collected. The substantial preservation of the extracellular nucleic acid population that can be achieved with the stabilization technologies accoriding to the invention allows the population of extracellular nucleic acids within a sample to be maintained substantially unchanged over the stabilization period as compared to the population of extracellular nucleic acids at the moment of sample stabilization. At least, changes in the extracellular nucleic acid population with respect to the quantity, the quality and/or the composition of the comprised extracellular nucleic acids, in partiuclar changes attributable to an increase of released genomic DNA, are over the stabilization period considerably reduced (preferably by at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%) compared to an unstabilized sample or a corresponding sample that is e.g. stabilized by EDTA in case of a blood sample or a sample derived from blood.

Furthermore, as described above, the method of the invention is also suitable for stabilizing intracellular nucleic acids, in particular intracellular RNA. Contacting the cell-containing sample with a N,N-dialkylpropanamide according to formula 1 results in that gene transcript levels of contained cells are stabilized. Thus, the generation of new transcripts and the degradation of existing transcripts in the stabilized sample are inhibited compared to an unstabilized sample, thereby substantially “freezing” the gene transcription profile of contained cells upon stabilization. Therefore, the stabilization is also suitable for stabilizing the transcriptome by maintaining transcript levels at the state they had shown at sample collection and stabilization. The term transcriptome in particular refers to the set of all RNA molecules, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and other non-coding RNA such as miRNA, produced in one or a population of cells. As is demonstrated by the examples, cell-containing biological samples such as blood samples could be stabilized for at least three days and even longer without substantial changes of transcript levels. The gene transcription profile is in particular stabilized by reducing RNA degradation and minimizing alterations of the gene expression such as in particular gene induction or down-regulation. Without being bound in theory, it is believed that the compounds according to formula 1 used herein for stabilization inhibit cellular processes whereby the new synthesis of trancripts as well as the degradation of existing transcripts is inhibited. It is believed that they enter the cell and are thus cell-permeable to achieve these effects. Thus, after collection and stabilization of the cell-containing sample, the in vivo gene expression profile existing at collection, respectively stabilization is preserved. Furthermore, the quality and integrity of the RNA is maintained, thereby providing an accurate representation of the in vivo transcript levels at the time of sample collection, respectively sample stabilization, and allowing to obtain a true and accurate transcript level. The preservation of the in vivo gene transcription profile upon stabilization allows to perform e.g. gene expression profiling or other analytical methods that require an accurate representation of the transcript levels using respectively stabilized samples. However, even though desired, it is often not necessary that all transcript levels are stabilized or are stabilized equally well. The stabilization and thus performance characteristics for a specific or new target transcript should be validated as is also usual with the prior art technologies which stabilize gene transcription profiles. That a stabilization of the gene transcription profile or of specific transcript levels was achieved can be determined e.g. based on marker genes that are established for analyzing the stabilization of the gene transcription profile. According to one embodiment, the stabilization of the gene transcription profile or the transcript level of contained cells achieved by the method results in that one or more, preferably two or more marker genes selected from c-fos, IL-1 beta, IL-8 and p53 is/are stabilized for at least 48 h upon stabilization. These marker genes were identified as providing very unstable transcripts during storage and thus are in the absence of appropriate stabilization up- or downregulated after sample collection. Therefore, the transcript levels of these genes are suitable as marker to analyse whether a stabilization of the gene transcription level was achieved. The stabilization effect can be analysed using the real time RT-PCR assays described in the examples. According to one embodiment, the transcript levels of one or more of these marker genes is not altered by more than 1.5 CT values, preferably 1.25 CT values, more preferred 1 CT value between T₀ (stabilization point) and the end of the stabilization period. Preferably, a respective stabilization effect is achieved for at least 48 h, at least 72 h or at least 96 h. Preferably, respective stabilization characteristics are achieved at least with the marker genes c-fos, IL8 and IL-1 beta and preferably with all of the aforementioned marker genes. As is shown by the examples, N,N dimethylpropanamide achieves a respective stabilization performance and thus is a preferred stabilizer.

Furthermore, as the method according to the present invention is not based on cell lysis, cells can be separated from the stabilized sample after the stabilization period and cells isolated from the stabilized sample are suitable for analysis. E.g. as described above, intracellular nucleic acids such as RNA can be isolated from the comprised cells and can be analysed. Furthermore, the preservation of cells in the stabilized samples opens the possibility to sort or capture cells and even to enrich specific cells such as e.g. tumor cells that can then be analysed specifically. E.g. circulating tumor cells can be isolated and their gene expression profile can be analyzed. Furthermore, the cell morphology and/or cell markers in particular cell surface markers can be analysed in order to characterize the obtained cells. Furthermore, intracellular nucleic acids can be isolated from said enriched specific cells. E.g. RNA can be isolated from said cells. The transcript level stabilizing properties of the stabilizing method described herein advantageously allows to use the isolated RNA for gene expression profiling and other important analyses. The stabilisation method described herein is thus advantageous for example in the molecular diagnostic of cancer or other diseases, because it allows an enrichment of cells prior to the extraction of the nucleic acids from the enriched cells and thereby increases e.g. the chance to detect rare events of circulating tumor cells in the cell-containing samples, for example in a blood sample. This also increases the chance that a specific biomarker, in particular a rare biomarker, is identified in the sample.

According to one embodiment, the cell-containing sample is a blood sample and wherein white blood cells are stabilized. This allows to separate white blood cells from the stabilized sample. White blood cells are stabilized, if at least one type of the contained blood cells is stabilized during the stabilization period which preferably, is at least 48 h. According to one embodiment, lymphocytes and/or monocytes contained in the blood sample are stabilized. The stabilization described herein does not induce or promote the lysis of nucleated cells contained in the cell-containing sample. Thus, stabilization is not based on cell lysis. Preferably, when the cell containing sample is blood and the nucleic acid of interest is extracellular nucleic acid, in particular extracellular RNA, the stabilization used herein prevents hemolysis. Most causes of in vitro hemolysis are related to specimen collection. However, in vitro hemolysis usually also occurs in a blood sample during ex vivo storage if no proper stabilization method is used. Depending on the extracellular nucleic acid of interest, hemolysis can be a considerable problem. If the extracellular nucleic acid of interest is DNA, hemolysis is less of a problem because red blood cells do not contain a nucleus and consequently, do not contain genomic DNA. Therefore, no intracellular DNA is released from the red blood cells during hemolysis. When the extracellular nucleic acid of interest is DNA, in particular the lysis or decay of white blood cells is a problem because in this case genomic DNA is released in addition to intracellular RNA. Therefore, when the extracellular nucleic acis of interest is extracellular DNA, in particular the lysis of white blood cells must be prevented. White blood cells may differ among each other in their stability characteristics. Thus, some types of white blood cells are more stable than others. However, generally, white blood cells are significantly more stable than red blood cells. Therefore, the lysis of red blood cells does not necessarily indicate that white blood cells were lysed. The different susceptibility of white blood cells and red blood cells to lysis is also used in the art to e.g. specifically lyse red blood cells, while preserving white cells in order to allow e.g. the collection of white blood cells. However, if the extracellular nucleic acid of interest is RNA, hemolysis and thus the lysis of red blood cells does constitute a problem. Mature red blood cells also do not contain RNA, however, their precursors (reticulocytes) do. Reticulocytes make up approximately 0.5% to 1% of the red blood cells and contain large amounts of globin RNA. Therefore, in particular when the extracellular nucleic acid of interest is RNA, a lysis of red blood cells and thus reticulocytes during storage should be prevented/reduced in order to reduce a dilution of the extracellular nucleic acid population, in particular the extracellular RNA population, with globin mRNA. Furthermore, as described above, it is important to maintain the composition and thus profile of the extracellular nucleic acid population what is achieved using stabilization methods described herein as this is important for many diagnostic applications. Hemolysis can be efficiently prevented/reduced when using the stabilization method according to the present invention. Thereby, the extracellular nucleic acid population is substantially preserved and furthermore, the stabilized blood sample, in particular the plasma or serum obtained from the stabilized blood sample, is due to the prevention of hemolysis and cell lysis in general also suitable for other standard laboratory analyses.

According to one embodiment, the morphology of cells is preserved during the stabilization period which preferably is at least 48 h. This allows to analyse and optionally characterize contained cells based on their morphology. According to one embodiment, the morphology of nucleated cells is preserved. According to one embodiment, the morphology of lymphocytes contained in a blood sample is preserved during stabilization.

According to one embodiment, cell surface epitopes are preserved. According to one embodiment, cell surface proteins such as CD proteins are preserved. As is shown by the examples, the stabilization using a N,N-dialkylpropanamide according to formula 1 preserves cell surface epitopes and cell surface proteins. This is an advantage as it allows to characterize and/or isolate contained cells based on these cell surface characteristics. In particular, it allows the analysis of tumor markers present on the cell surface.

According to one embodiment, the stabilization method comprises contacting a blood sample with an N,N-dialkylpropanamide and an anticoagulant, wherein transcript levels in contained cells are stabilized. Furthermore, as is shown in the examples, the extracellular nucleic acid population is additionally stabilized. This is adavantageous, as it allows to analyse the extracellular nucleic acids population separately from the intracellular nucleic acid population from the same stabilized sample.

The hydrocarbon residues R2 and/or R3 can be selected independently of one another from the group comprising alkyl, including short chain alkyl and long-chain alkyl. Preferably, the following groups are used within the generally described groups within the scope of the present invention:

-   alkyl: preferably short chain alkyls, in particular linear and     branched C1-C5 alkyls or long-chain alkyls: linear and branched     C5-C20 alkyls.

The chain length n of R2 and/or R3 can in particular have the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20. R2 and R3 may have a length of the carbon chain of 1-10. In this case the chain length n can in particular have the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Preferably, R2 and R3 have a length of the carbon chain of 1-5 and in this case the chain length can in particular have the values 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Particularly preferred is a chain length of 1 or 2 for R2 and R3. As described above, the compound according to formula 1 used in the present invention is a N,N-dialkylpropanamide.

N,N-dialkylpropanamides such as N,N-dimethylpropanamide can be used for stabilizing cell-containing samples such as blood samples as is shown in the examples.

The mixture that is obtained when contacting the cell-containing biological sample with a compound according to formula 1 and thus the N,N-dialkylpropanamide or a mixture of respective compounds may comprise said compound or mixture of compounds in a final concentration of at least 0.1%, at least 0.25%, at least 0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25% or at least 1.5%. A suitable concentration range includes but is not limited to 0.1% up to 50%. Preferred concentration ranges can be selected from the group consisting of 0.1% to 30%, 0.1% to 20%, 0.1% to 15%, 0.1% to 10%, 0.1% to 7.5%, 0.1% to 5%, 1% to 30%, 0.75% to 10%; 1% to 20%, 1% to 15%, 1% to 10%, 1% to 7.5%, 1% to 5%; 1.25% to 30%, 1.25% to 20%, 1.25% to 15%, 1.25% to 10%, 1.25% to 7.5%, 1.25% to 5%; 1.5% to 30%, 1.5% to 20%, 1.5% to 15%, 1.5% to 10%, 1.5% to 7.5% and 1.5% to 5%. Respective concentrations are particularly suitable when using N,N-dimethylpropanamide as stabilizing agent. For stabilizing transcript levels it is preferred to use a concentration in the mixture that lies in the range of 2.5% to 10%, preferably 3% to 8%, more preferred 4% to 7.5%. For stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population also lower concentrations can be used as is shown by the examples. The above mentioned concentrations are e.g. very suitable for stabilizing whole blood or blood products such as plasma. Suitable concentration ranges for other compounds according to formula 1 and/or other cell-containing biological samples can also be determined by the skilled person using routine experiments, e.g. by testing the compound, respectively different concentrations thereof in the test assays described in the examples. The use of further additives for stabilization e.g. allows to use lower concentrations.

Preferably, the compound according to formula 1 and thus the N,N-dialkylpropanamide is used in combination with a chelating agent for stabilizing the cell containing sample. In particular, a chelating agent can be used as anticoagulant when stabilizing a blood sample or a sample derived from blood such as e.g. plasma or serum. Suitable chelating agents and concentration ranges are provided below.

According to one embodiment, a combination of stabilizing agents is used which comprises at least one compound according to formula 1 as defined above, namely a N,N-dialkylpropanamide, and an apoptosis inhibitor. Already the apoptosis inhibitor alone is effective in stabilizing a cell-containing sample and to substantially preserve the extracellular nucleic acid population from changes in its composition in particular arising from contaminations with fragmented genomic DNA. Thus, the stabilization effect that is obtained when additionally using an apoptosis inhibitor is enhanced. The sample can be contacted with the apoptosis inhibitor, e.g. by adding the apoptosis inhibitor to the sample, or vice versa. Preferably, a stabilization composition comprising the N,N-dialkylpropanamide, preferably N,N diemethylpropanamide, and an apoptosis inhibitor is used. The at least one apoptosis inhibitor present in the resulting mixture supports the stabilization of cells contained in the sample and inhibits the degradation of nucleic acids comprised in the sample thereby contributing to substantially preserving the extracellular nucleic acid population.

The term “apoptosis inhibitor” as used herein in particular refers to a compound whose presence in a cell-containing biological sample provides a reduction, prevention and/or inhibition of apoptotic processes in the cells and/or makes the cells more resistant to apoptotic stimuli. Apoptosis inhibitors include but are not limited to proteins, peptides or protein- or peptide-like molecules, organic and inorganic molecules. Apoptosis inhibitors include compounds that act as metabolic inhibitors, inhibitors of nucleic acid degradation respectively nucleic acid pathways, enzyme inhibitors, in particular caspase inhibitors, calpain inhibitors and inhibitors of other enzymes involved in apoptotic processes. Respective apoptosis inhibitors are listed in Table 1. Preferably, the at least one apoptosis inhibitor that is used for stabilizing the cell-containing biological sample is selected from the group consisting of metabolic inhibitors, caspase inhibitors and calpain inhibitors. Suitable examples for each class are listed in Table 1 in the respective category. Preferably, the apoptosis inhibitor is cell-permeable.

It is also within the scope of the present invention to use a combination of different apoptosis inhibitors, either from the same or a different class of apoptosis inhibitors, respectively to use a combination of different apoptosis inhibitors which inhibit apoptosis either by the same or a different working mechanism.

In an advantageous embodiment, the apoptosis inhibitor is a caspase inhibitor. Members of the caspase gene family play a significant role in apoptosis. The substrate preferences or specificities of individual caspases have been exploited for the development of peptides that successfully compete caspase binding. It is possible to generate reversible or irreversible inhibitors of caspase activation by coupling caspase-specific peptides to e.g. aldehyde, nitrile or ketone compounds. E.g. fluoromethyl ketone (FMK) derivatized peptides such as Z-VAD-FMK act as effective irreversible inhibitors with no added cytotoxic effects. Inhibitors synthesized with a benzyloxycarbonyl group (BOC) at the N-terminus and O-methyl side chains exhibit enhanced cellular permability. Further suitable caspase inhibitors are synthesized with a phenoxy group at the C-terminus. An example is Q-VD-OPh which is a cell permeable, irreversible broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor that is even more effective in preventing apoptosis than the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK.

According to one embodiment, the caspase inhibitor used in addition to a N,N-dialkylpropanamide, which preferably is N,N dimethylpropanamide, is a pancaspase inhibitor and thus is a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor. According to one embodiment, the caspase inhibitor comprises a modified caspase-specific peptide. Preferably, said caspase-specific peptide is modified by an aldehyde, nitrile or ketone compound. According to a preferred embodiment, the caspase specific peptide is modified preferably at the carboxyl terminus with an O-Phenoxy or a fluoromethyl ketone (FMK) group. According to one embodiment, the caspase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Q-VD-OPh and Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK. In one embodiment, Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK, a pancaspase inhibitor, is used, which is a competitive irreversible peptide inhibitor and blocks caspase-1 family and caspase-3 family enzymes. In a preferred embodiment, Q-VD-OPh, which is a broad spectrum inhibitor for caspases, is used. Q-VD-OPh is cell permeable and inhibits cell death by apoptosis. Q-VD-OPh is not toxic to cells even at extremely high concentrations and consists of a carboxy terminal phenoxy group conjugated to the amino acids valine and aspartate. It is equally effective in preventing apoptosis mediated by the three major apoptotic pathways, caspase-9 and caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-10, and caspase-12 (Caserta et al, 2003). Further caspase inhibitors are listed in Table 1. According to one embodiment, the caspase inhibitor that is used as apoptosis inhibitor for stabilizing the cell-containing sample is one which acts upon one or more caspases located downstream in the intracellular cell death pathway of the cell, such as caspase-3. In one embodiment the caspase inhibitor is an inhibitor for one or more caspases selected from the group consisting of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-10 and caspase-12. It is also within the scope of the present invention to use a combination of caspase inhibitors.

When using a caspase inhibitor in addition to the N,N-dialkylpropanamide, the mixture that is obtained after contacting the biological sample with the at least one apoptosis inhibitor may comprise the apoptosis inhibitor (or combination of apoptosis inhibitors) in a concentration selected from the group of at least 0.01 μM, at least 0.05 μM, at least 0.1 μM, at least 0.5 μM, at least 1 μM, at least 2.5 μM or at least 3.5 μM. Of course, also higher concentrations can be used. Suitable concentration ranges for the apoptosis inhibitor(s) when mixed with the cell-containing biological sample, include but are not limited to 0.01 μM to 100 μM, 0.05 μM to 100 μM, 0.1 μM to 50 μM, 0.5 μM to 50 μM, 1 μM to 40 μM, more preferably 1 μM to 30 μM or 2.5 μM to 25 μM. The higher concentrations were found to be more effective, however, good stabilizing results were also achieved at lower concentrations. Hence, an efficient stabilization is also achieved at lower concentrations e.g. in a range selected from 0.1 μM to 10 μM, 0.5 μM to 7.5 μM or 1 μM to 5 μM, in particular if the apoptosis inhibitor is used in combination. The above mentioned concentrations apply to the use of a single apoptosis inhibitor as well as to the use of a combination of caspase inhibitors. If a combination of caspase inhibitors is used, the concentration of an individual apoptosis inhibitor that is used in said mixture of apoptosis inhibitors may also lie below the above mentioned concentrations, if the overall concentration of the combination of apoptosis inhibitors fulfils the above mentioned features. Using a lower concentration that still efficiently stabilizes the cells and/or reduce the degradation of nucleic acids in present in the sample has the advantage that the costs for stabilisation can be lowered. Lower concentrations can be used because the apoptosis inhibitor is used in combination with one or more stabilizers as described herein. The aforementioned concentrations are in particular suitable when using a caspase inhibitor, in particular a modified caspase specific peptide such as Q-VD-OPh and/or Z-VAD(OMe)-FMK as apoptosis inhibitor. The above mentioned concentrations are e.g. very suitable for stabilizing whole blood, in particular 10 ml blood. Suitable concentration ranges for other apoptosis inhibitors and/or for other cell-containing biological samples can be determined by the skilled person using routine experiments, e.g. by testing the apoptosis inhibitors, respectively the different concentrations in the test assays described in the examples.

According to one embodiment, the apoptosis inhibitor will, in an effective amount, decrease or reduce apoptosis in a cell-containing biological sample by at least 25 percent, at least 30 percent, at least 40 percent, at least 50 percent, preferably, by at least 75 percent, more preferably, by at least 85 percent as compared to a control sample which does not contain a respective apoptosis inhibitor.

Thus, according to one embodiment, a combination of stabilizing agents is used which comprises at least one apoptosis inhibitorand at least one compound according to formula 1 as defined above, which is a N,N-dialkylpropanamide, preferably N,N-dimethylpropanamide. A respective combination may also comprise additional additives that enhance the stabilizing effect such as e.g. anticoagulants and chelating agents. According to one embodiment, the combination of stabilizing agents comprises a caspase inhibitor and an anticoagulant, preferably a chelating agent such as EDTA. Respective combinations can be advantageously used in a method suitable for stabilizing an extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing sample according to the first aspect. The stabilizing effect observed with combinations of stabilizing agents is stronger than the effect observed for any of the individual stabilizing agents when used alone and/or allows to use lower concentrations, thereby making combinatorial use of stabilizing agents an attractive option. Suitable and preferred embodiments of the apoptosis inhibitor and the compound according to formula 1 defined above, in particular N,N-dimethylpropanamide, as well as suitable and preferred concentrations of the respective agents suitable for achieving an efficient stabilization of the sample are described in detail above in conjunction.

As discussed in the background of the invention, extracellular nucleic acids are usually not present “naked” in the sample but are e.g. stabilized to a certain extent by being released protected in complexes or by being contained in vesicles and the like. This has the effect that extracellular nucleic acids are already to a certain extent stabilized by nature and thus, are usually not degraded rapidly by nucleases in cell-containing samples such as whole blood, plasma or serum. Thus, when intending to stabilize extracellular nucleic acids that are comprised in a biological sample, one of the primary problems is the dilution, respectively the contamination of the extracellular nucleic acid population by intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, that originates from damaged or dying cells that are contained in the sample. This also poses a problem when processing cell-depleted samples such as plasma or serum (which are sometimes also describes as being “cell-free” even though they may comprise minor amounts of cells). The stabilization technology according to the present invention is of particular advantage in this respect because it not only substantially preserves the extracellular nucleic acids present in the sample and e.g. inhibits degradation of the comprised extracellular nucleic acids (preferably at least by 60%, at least by 70%, at least by 75%, at least by 80%, at least by 85%, at least by 90% or most preferably at least by 95% over the stabilization period compared to an unstabilized sample or an EDTA stabilized sample) but furthermore, efficiently reduces the release of genomic DNA from cells contained in the sample and/or reduces the fragmentation of respective genomic DNA. According to one embodiment, using the compound according to formula 1 as defined above and optionally an apoptosis inhibitor for stabilizing the cell-containing sample according to the teachings of the present invention has the effect that the increase of DNA that results from a release of DNA from cells contained in the sample is reduced compared to a non-stabilized sample. According to one embodiment, said release of genomic DNA is reduced by at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 12-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 17-fold or at least 20-fold over the stabilization period compared to the non-stabilized sample or a corresponding sample that is stabilized with EDTA (in particular in case of a blood sample or a sample derived from blood such as plasma or serum). According to one embodiment, said release of genomic DNA is reduced by at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% over the stabilization period compared to the non-stabilized sample or a corresponding sample that is stabilized with EDTA (in particular in case of a blood sample or a sample derived from blood such as plasma or serum). The release of DNA can be determined e.g. by quantifying the ribosomal 18S DNA as is described herein in the example section. Thus, the extracellular nucleic acid population contained in the sample is considerably stabilized compared to samples stabilized in standard EDTA tubes. Thus, according to one embodiment, the stabilization effect that is achieved the compound according to formula 1 as taught by the present invention, which may be used in combination with an apoptosis inhibitor, results in that the release of DNA from cells contained in the sample is at least reduced to a maximum of 10-fold, preferably 7-fold, more preferably 5-fold and most preferably is at least reduced to a maximum of 4-fold, as is e.g. determinable in the 18S DNA assay described in the examples. As is shown by the examples, an effective stabilization of the extracellular nucleic acid population is achievable for a period of at least up to 6 days. During a shorter storage of the samples, e.g. up to three days, the DNA release can be reduced at least to a maximum of two-fold as e.g. determinable in the 18S DNA assay described in the examples. Thus, the DNA release can be reduced to 2 fold or less up to three days of storage when using the stabilizing methods according to the present invention. This is a remarkable improvement in the stabilization of the extracellular nucleic acid population compared to the prior art methods. This significantly enhances the accuracy of any subsequent tests. In certain cases, for example if the sample material has to be transported for long distances or stored for longer periods e.g. at room temperature (as can be e.g. the case in certain countries), the process according to the invention makes it possible for the first time for these tests to be carried out after such a period of time. However, of course, the samples may also be further processed earlier, if desired. It is not necessary to make use of the full achievable stabilization period. The stabilization that is achieved with the present invention reduces variations in the extracellular nucleic acid population that may result from a different handling/processing of the samples (e.g. storage conditions and periods) after they were collected. This greatly improves the standardization of handling and molecular analysis.

Further additives may be used in addition to the the compound according to formula 1 as defined above in order to further stabilize the cell-containing sample. They may be used in addition to or as alternative to the apoptosis inhibitor. The selection of suitable additives that may also contribute to the stabilization effect may also depend on the type of cell-containing sample to be stabilized. E.g. when processing whole blood as cell-containing biological sample, it is advantageous and also common to include an anticoagulant e.g. selected from the group consisting of heparin, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, citrate, oxalate, and any combination thereof. In an advantageous embodiment, the anticoagulant is a chelating agent. A chelating agent is an organic compound that is capable of forming coordinate bonds with metals through two or more atoms of the organic compound. Chelating agents according to the present invention include, but are not limited to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)glycine (NTA). According to a preferred embodiment, EDTA is used. As used herein, the term “EDTA” indicates inter alia the EDTA portion of an EDTA compound such as, for example, K₂EDTA, K₃EDTA or Na₂EDTA. Using a chelating agent such as EDTA also has the advantageous effect that nucleases such as DNases are inhibited, thereby e.g. preventing a degradation of extracellular DNA by DNases. Furthermore, it was found that EDTA used/added in higher concentrations is capable of reducing the release of intracellular nucleic acids, in particular genomic DNA, from the cells thereby supporting the stabilizing effect that is achieved by the at least one compound according to formula 1. However, EDTA alone is not capable of efficiently inhibiting the fragmentation of e.g. genomic DNA that is released from the cells contained in the sample. Thus, EDTA does not achieve a sufficient stabilization effect. But used in combination with the teachings of the present invention, in particular in combination with the apoptosis inhibitor, in particular the caspase inhibitor, it can further improve the stabilization for the above discussed reasons. Furthermore, it also appears to increase the chemical stability of RNA. According to one embodiment, the concentration of the chelating agent, preferably EDTA, in the biological sample that is mixed with one or more of the stabilizing compounds described above is in the range selected from the group consisting of 0.05 mM to 100 mM, 0.05 mM to 50 mM, 0.1 mM to 30 mM, 1 mM to 20 mM and 2 mM to 15 mM after the contacting step. Respective concentrations are particularly effective when stabilising blood, plasma and/or serum samples, in particular 10 ml blood samples.

Additional additives can also be used in order to further support the stabilization of the cell-containing sample, respectively support the preservation of the extracellular nucleic acid population. Examples of respective additives include but are not limited to nuclease inhibitors, in particular RNase and DNase inhibiting compounds. Examples of RNase inhibitors include but are not limited to anti-nuclease antibodies or ribonucleoside-vanadyl-complexes. When choosing a respective further additive, care should be taken not to compromise and/or counteract the stabilizing effect of t the compound according to formula 1 which is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide. Thus, no additives should be used in concentrations that result in or support the lysis and/or degradation of the cells contained in the biological sample and/or which support the degradation of the nucleic acids contained in the cell-free fraction of the biological sample. Furthermore, also no additives should be used in concentration which counteract and overrule the transcriptome stabilizing effect of the N,N-dialkylpropanamide that is used for stabilization.

In an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, the cell-containing biological sample, which preferably is a blood sample or a sample derived from blood such as plasma or serum, is contacted with:

-   a) at least one compound according to formula 1 defined above which     is a N,N-dialkylpropanamide, preferably N,N-dimethylpropanamide     (preferred concentrations are described above) and -   b) at least one caspase inhibitor as an apoptosis inhibitor,     preferably with Q-VD-OPh, preferably in a concentration range of 1     μM to 30 μM; and -   c) a further additive, preferably a chelating agent preferably in a     concentration range of 4 mM to 50 mM, preferably 4 mM to 20 mM, most     preferably EDTA.

The components of the stabilizing composition can be comprised, respectively dissolved in a buffer, e.g. a biological buffer such as MOPS, TRIS, PBS and the like. Furthermore, they can be dissolved in water or any other suitable solvent. According to one embodiment, the stabilising composition comprises an aprotic solvent such as DMSO.

The compound according to formula 1 as defined above, namely the N,N-dialkylpropanamide which preferably is N,N dimethylpropanamide as well as the optionally present further additives can be e.g. present in a device, preferably a container, for collecting the sample or can be added to a respective collection device immediately prior to collection of the biological sample; or can be added to the collection device immediately after the sample was collected therein. It is also within the scope of the present invention to add the stabilizing agent(s) and optionally, the further additive(s) separately to the cell containing biological sample. However, for the ease of handling, it is preferred that the one or more stabilizing agents and optionally the further additives are provided in one composition. Furthermore, in an advantageous embodiment, the compound according to formula 1 as described above and optionally the further additive(s) are present in the collection device prior to adding the sample. This ensures that the cell-containing biological sample is immediately stabilized upon contact with the stabilizing agent(s). The stabilisation agent(s) are present in the container in an amount effective to provide the stabilisation of the amount of cell containing sample to be collected, respectively comprised in said container. As described, the sample can be mixed with the stabilization agent(s) directly after and/or during collection of the sample thereby providing a stabilized sample.

Preferably, the the sample is mixed with the stabilization agent(s) directly after and/or during the collection of the sample. Therefore, preferably, the stabilization agent(s) and additives described above are provided in form of a stabilizing composition. Preferably, said stabilizing composition is provided in liquid form. It can be e.g. pre-filled in the sample collection device so that the sample is immediately stabilized during collection. According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition is contacted with the cell-containing sample in a volumetric ratio selected from 10:1 to 1:20, 5:1 to 1:15, 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:2 to 1:5. It is a particular advantage of the teachings of the present invention that stabilization of a large sample volume can be achieved with a small volume of the stabilizing composition. Therefore, preferably, the ratio of stabilizing composition to sample lies in a range from 1:2 to 1:7, more preferred 1:3 to 1:5.

The term “cell-containing sample” as used herein, in partiuclar refers to a sample which comprises at least one cell. The cell-containing sample may comprise at least two, at least 10, at least 50, at least 100, at least 250, at least 500, at least 1000, at least 1500, at least 2000 or at least 5000 cells. Furthermore, also cell-containing samples comprising considerably more cells are encompassed by said term and can be stabilized with the teachings according to the present invention. However, the term “cell-containing sample” also refers to and thus encompasses cell-depleted samples, including cell-depleted samples that are commonly referred to as “cell-free” such as e.g. blood plasma as respective samples often include residual cells. At least, it can often not be fully excluded that even so-called “cell-free” samples such as blood plasma comprise residual amounts of cells which accordingly, pose a risk that the extracellular nucleic acid population becomes contaminated with intracellular nucleic acids released from said residual cells. Therefore, respective cell-depleted and “cell-free” samples are according to one embodiment also encompassed by the term “cell-containing sample”. Thus, the “cell-containing sample” may comprise large amounts of cells, as is the case e.g. with whole blood, but may also only comprise merely minor amounts of cells. Hence, the term “cell containing sample” also encompasses samples that may only be suspected of or pose a risk of containing cells. As discussed above, also with respect to biological samples which only comprise minor, respectively residual amounts of cells such as e.g. blood plasma (blood plasma contains—depending on the preparation method—usually small residual amounts of cells, even though it is commonly referred to as being cell-free), the method according to the present invention has considerable advantages as these residual cells may also result in a undesired contamination of the comprised extracellular nucleic acids. Using the stabilizing technology of the present invention also ensures that respective samples which only comprise residual amounts of cells or are merely suspected of or pose a risk of residual amounts of cells, are efficiently stabilized as is also described in detail above. According to one embodiment, the cellular portion makes up at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, more preferably at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35% or at least 40% of the cell-containing biological sample. Cell-containing samples wherein the cellular fraction makes up more than 40% can also be stabilized using teachings described herein. Using the stabilizing method according to the present invention has the advantage that irrespective of the composition of the sample and the number of cells contained therein, the extracellular nucleic acid population contained therein is substantially preserved, respectively stabilized, thereby allowing for standardizing the subsequent isolation and/or analysis of the contained extracellular nucleic acids.

According to one embodiment, the cell-containing biological sample is selected from the group consisting of whole blood, samples derived from blood, plasma, serum, sputum, lachrymal fluid, lymphatic fluid, urine, sweat, liquor, cerebrospinal fluid, ascites, milk, stool, bronchial lavage, saliva, amniotic fluid, nasal secretions, vaginal secretions, semen/seminal fluid, wound secretions, and cell culture supernatants and supernatants obtained from other swab samples. According to one embodiment, the cell-containing biological sample is a body fluid, a body secretion or body excretion, preferably a body fluid, most preferably whole blood, plasma or serum. The cell-containing biological sample comprises extracellular nucleic acids. According to another embodiment, the cell-containing biological sample is a non-fluid sample derived from a human or animal, such as e.g. stool, tissue or a biopsy sample. Other examples of cell-containing biological samples that can be stabilized with the method according to the present invention include but are not limited to biological samples cell suspensions, cell cultures, supernatant of cell cultures and the like, which comprise extracellular nucleic acids.

As is described above and as is demonstrated by the examples, using the methods of the present invention allows for stabilizing the cell-containing sample without refrigeration or freezing for a prolonged period of time period. Thus, the samples can be kept at room temperature or even at elevated temperatures e.g. up to 30° C. or up to 40° C. According to one embodiment, a stabilization effect is achieved for at least two days, preferably at least three days; more preferred at least one day to six days, most preferred for at least one day to at least seven days at room temperature. As is shown in the examples, the samples that were stabilized according to the method of the present invention were not substantially compromised when stored for 3 days at room temperature. Even during longer storages for up to 6 or even 7 days at room temperature the extracellular nucleic acid population was substantially more stabilized compared to non-stabilized samples or e.g. compared to samples that were stabilized using standard method such as an EDTA treatment. Even though the stabilization effect may decrease over time, it is still sufficient to preserve the composition of the extracellular nucleic acid population to allow the analysis and/or further processing. Thus, samples that were stabilized according to the methods of the present invention were still suitable for isolating and optionally analysing the extracellular nucleic acids contained therein even after longer storage at room temperature. Furthermore, the transcriptome was efficiently stabilized. Thus, as the samples were not compromised in particular when using the preferred combination of stabilisation agents, even longer storage/shipping times are conceivable. However, usually, longer periods are not necessary, as the regular storage and e.g. shipping time to the laboratory, wherein the nucleic acid isolation and optionally analysis is performed, usually does not exceed 6 or 7 days, but usually is even completed after two or three days. As is shown in the examples, the stabilisation efficiency is particularly good during this time period. However, the extraordinary long stabilisation times and stabilisation efficiencies that are achievable with the method according to the present invention provides an important safety factor.

The methods and also the subsequently described compositions according to the present invention allow the stabilization also of large volumes of biological samples with small volumes of added substances because the additives that are used according to the teachings of the present invention are highly active. This is an important advantage because the size/volume of the sample poses considerable restrains on the subsequent isolation procedure in particular when intending to use automated processes for isolating the extracellular nucleic acids contained in the samples. Furthermore, one has to consider that extracellular nucleic acids are often only comprised in small amounts in the contained sample. Thus, processing larger volumes of a cell-containing sample such as e.g. a blood sample has the advantage that more circulating nucleic acids can be isolated from the sample and thus are available for a subsequent analysis.

The stabilization of the biological sample may either be followed directly by techniques for analysing nucleic acids, or the nucleic acids may be purified from the sample. Hence, the sample that was stabilized according to the method of the present invention can be analysed in a nucleic acid analytic and/or detection method and or may be further processed. E.g. extracellular nucleic acid can be isolated from the stabilized sample and can then be analysed in a nucleic acid analytic and/or detection method or may be further processed. Furthermore, cells can be removed from the stabilized sample and analysed and/or nucleic acids can be isolated from the obtained cells. Furthermore, the cells can be analysed for their morphology or cell surface characteristics. This allows e.g. to identify tumor cells. According to one embodiment, intracellular RNA is isolated and analysed. According to one embodiment, the method comprises performing a qualitative or quantitative analysis of one or more gene transcripts.

Furthermore, according to a second aspect, a method for isolating nucleic acids from a biological sample is provided comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) stabilizing a cell-containing sample according to the method         according to the first aspect;     -   b) isolating nucleic acids from the stabilized sample.

According to one embodiment, said method comprises

-   -   a) stabilizing a cell-containing sample according to the method         according to the first aspect;     -   b) isolating intracellular nucleic acids from the stabilized         sample.

According to one embodiment, said method is for isolating extracellular nucleic acids from a cell-containing biological sample is provided, wherein said method comprises the steps of:

-   -   a) stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population         comprised in a cell-containing sample according to the method         defined in the first aspect of the present invention;     -   b) isolating extracellular nucleic acids.

As discussed above, the stabilization according to the present invention has the effect that the extracellular nucleic acid population contained in the sample is substantially preserved in the state it had shown at the time the biological sample was obtained, respectively drawn. In particular, the usually observed high increase in nucleic acids that results from intracellular nucleic acids, in particular genomic DNA, more specifically fragmented genomic DNA, released from damaged or dying cells is efficiently reduced as is demonstrated in the examples. Therefore, the extracellular nucleic acids obtained from a respectively stabilized sample comprise fewer contaminations with intracellular nucleic acids originating from degraded or dying cells comprised in the sample and in particular comprise less amounts of fragmented genomic DNA compared to non-stabilized samples. Furthermore, the unique stabilization step allows to increase the amount of recoverable extracellular nucleic acids. The stabilization method according to the present invention can be performed without the crosslinking of the sample. This is an important advantage over the use of cross-linking agents such as formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasers, as these reagents might reduce the recoverable amount of extracellular nucleic acids due to cross-linking. Thus, the method according to the present invention improves the diagnostic and prognostic capability of the extracellular nucleic acids. Furthermore, said stabilization allows the sample to be stored and/or handled, e.g. transported,—even at room temperature—for a prolonged period of time prior to separating the cells contained in the sample and/or prior to isolating the extracellular nucleic acids comprised therein in step b). With respect to the details of the stabilization, it is referred to the above disclosure which also applies here.

According to one embodiment, the cell-containing biological sample such as e.g. a whole blood sample is stabilized in step a) as is described in detail above using at least one compound according to formula 1 as described above, namely a N,N-dialkylpropanamide, and optionally, further additives. Suitable and preferred embodiments were described above. Particularly preferred is the additional use of a caspase inhibitor in combination with an anticoagulant, preferably a chelating agent as described above, for stabilizing whole blood samples.

If the sample comprises large amounts of cells as is e.g. the case with whole blood, the cells are separated from the remaining sample in order to obtain a cell-free, respectively cell-reduced or cell-depleted fraction of the sample which comprises the extracellular nucleic acids. Thus, according to one embodiment, cells are removed from the cell-containing sample between step a) and step b). This intermediate step is only optional and e.g. may be obsolete if samples are processed which merely comprise minor amounts of residual cells such as e.g. plasma or serum. However, in order improve the results it is preferred that also respective remaining cells (or potentially remaining cells) are removed as they might contaminate the extracellular nucleic acid population during isolation. Depending on the sample type, cells, including residual cells, can be separated and removed e.g. by centrifugation, preferably high speed centrifugation, or by using means other than centrifugation, such as e.g. filtration, sedimentation or binding to surfaces on (optionally magnetic) particles if a centrifugation step is to be avoided. Respective cell removal steps can also be easily included into an automated sample preparation protocol. Respectively removed cells may also be processed further. The cells can e.g. be stored and/or biomolecules such as e.g. nucleic acids or proteins can be isolated from the removed cells. Furthermore, it is also within the scope of the present invention to include further intermediate steps to work up the sample.

Extracellular nucleic acids are then isolated in step b), e.g. from the cell-free, respectively cell-depleted fraction, e.g. from supernatants, plasma and/or serum. For isolating extracellular nucleic acids, any known nucleic acid isolation method can be used that is suitable for isolating nucleic acids from the respective sample, respectively the cell-depleted sample. Examples for respective purification methods include but are not limited to extraction, solid-phase extraction, silica-based purification, magnetic particle-based purification, phenol-chloroform extraction, chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography (using anion-exchange surfaces), electrophoresis, filtration, precipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation and combinations thereof. It is also within the scope of the present invention to specifically isolate specific target extracellular nucleic acids, e.g. by using appropriate probes that enable a sequence specific binding and are coupled to a solid support. Also any other nucleic acid isolating technique known by the skilled person can be used. According to one embodiment, the nucleic acids are isolated using a chaotropic agent and/or alcohol. Preferably, the nucleic acids are isolated by binding them to a solid phase, preferably a solid phase comprising silica or anion exchange functional groups. Suitable methods and kits are also commercially available such as the QIAamp® Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (QIAGEN), the Chemagic Circulating NA Kit (Chemagen), the NucleoSpin Plasma XS Kit (Macherey-Nagel), the Plasma/Serum Circulating DNA Purification Kit (Norgen Biotek), the Plasma/Serum Circulating RNA Purification Kit (Norgen Biotek), the High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Large Volume Kit (Roche) and other commercially available kits suitable for extracting and purifying circulating nucleic acids.

According to one embodiment, all nucleic acids that are comprised in the sample that is obtained after step a) or optionally obtained after the cells have been removed in the intermediate step are isolated, e.g. are isolated from the cell-free, respectively cell-depleted fraction. E.g. total nucleic acids can be isolated from plasma or serum and the extracellular nucleic acids will be comprised as a portion in these extracted nucleic acids. If the cells are efficiently removed, the total nucleic acids isolated will predominantly comprise or even consist of extracellular nucleic acids. It is also within the scope of the present invention to isolate at least predominantly a specific target nucleic acid. A target nucleic acid can be e.g. a certain type of nucleic acid, e.g. RNA or DNA, including mRNA, microRNA, other non-coding nucleic acids, epigenetically modified nucleic acids, and other nucleic acids. It is also within the scope of the present invention to e.g. digest the non-target nucleic acid using nucleases after isolation. The term target nucleic acid also refers to a specific kind of nucleic acid, e.g. a specific extracellular nucleic acid that is known to be a certain disease marker.

As discussed above, the isolation of extracellular nucleic acids may also comprise the specific isolation of a respective target nucleic acid e.g. by using appropriate capture probes. The term a target nucleic acid also refers to a nucleic acid having a certain length, e.g. a nucleic acid having a length of 2000 nt or less, 1000 nt or less or 500 nt or less. Isolating respective smaller target nucleic acids can be advantageous because it is known that extracellular nucleic acids usually have a smaller size of less than 2000 nt, usually less than 1000 nt and often even less than 500 nt. The sizes, respectively size ranges indicated herein refer to the chain length. I.e. in case of DNA it refers to bp. Focusing the isolation, respectively purification, on respective small nucleic acids can increase the portion of extracellular nucleic acids obtained in the isolated nucleic acids. The stabilization methods according to the present invention allow, in particular due to the inhibition of fragmentation of genomic, intracellular DNA, for a more efficient separation of such high molecular weight genomic DNA from the fragmented extracellular nucleic acid population, e.g., during the nucleic acid extraction procedure. As the substantial size difference between genomic and circulating nucleic acids is essentially preserved using the stabilization technology according to the present invention, genomic DNA can be removed e.g. by size-selective recovery of DNA more efficiently than without the respective stabilization. Suitable methods to achieve a respective selective isolation of the extracellular nucleic acid population e.g. by depleting the high molecular weight genomic DNA are well-known in the prior art and thus, need no further description here. E.g. it would be sufficient to use a size-selection method that depletes a sample of any nucleic acid larger than 1,000-10,000 nucleotides or base pairs. As the size difference between genomic (usually larger than >10,000 bp) and extracellular nucleic acids (usually <1000 bp) in a stabilized sample according to the present invention is usually relatively large due to the efficient stabilization (the difference can e.g. lie in a range of 1000-10,000 bp), known methods for selectively isolating extracellular nucleic acid from a biological sample could be applied. This also provides further opportunities in order to reduce the amount of intracellular nucleic acids in the isolated extracellular nucleic acid population. For example, the removal of genomic DNA during the nucleic acid extraction protocol could also supplement or even replace a separate high g-force centrifugation of a plasma sample before starting the nucleic acid extraction in order to remove residual cells. Genomic DNA that is released from said residual cells is prevented from becoming massively degraded due to the stabilization according to the present invention, and accordingly, can be removed by size-selective isolation protocols. This option is of particular advantage, as many clinical laboratories do not have a centrifuge capable of performing such a high g-force centrifugation or other means for removing in particular trace amounts of residual cells.

Furthermore, intracellular nucleic acids can be isolated from contained cells, e.g. after the cells were separated from the remaining sample. E.g. RNA can be isolated and used for gene expression analysis.

The isolated nucleic acids can then be analysed and/or further processed in a step c) using suitable assay and/or analytical methods. E.g. they can be identified, modified, contacted with at least one enzyme, amplified, reverse transcribed, cloned, sequenced, contacted with a probe, be detected (their presence or absence) and/or be quantified. Respective methods are well-known in the prior art and are commonly applied in the medical, diagnostic and/or prognostic field in order to analyse extracellular nucleic acids (see also the detailed description in the background of the present invention). Thus, after extracellular nucleic acids were isolated, optionally as part of total nucleic acid, total RNA and/or total DNA (see above), they can be analysed to identify the presence, absence or severity of a disease state including but not being limited to a multitude of neoplastic diseases, in particular premalignancies and malignancies such as different forms of cancers. E.g. the isolated extracellular nucleic acids can be analysed in order to detect diagnostic and/or prognostic markers (e.g., fetal- or tumor-derived extracellular nucleic acids) in many fields of application, including but not limited to non-invasive prenatal genetic testing respectively screening, disease screening, pathogen screening, oncology, cancer screening, early stage cancer screening, cancer therapy monitoring, genetic testing (genotyping), infectious disease testing, injury diagnostics, trauma diagnostics, transplantation medicine or many other diseases and, hence, are of diagnostic and/or prognostic relevance. According to one embodiment, the isolated extracellular nucleic acids are analyzed to identify and/or characterize a disease or a fetal characteristic. Thus, as discussed above, the isolation method described herein may further comprise a step c) of nucleic acid analysis and/or processing. Therefore, according to one embodiment, the isolated extracellular nucleic acids are analysed in step c) to identify, detect, screen for, monitor or exclude a disease and/or at least one fetal characteristic.

The analysis/further processing of the nucleic acids can be performed using any nucleic acid analysis/processing method including, but not limited to amplification technologies, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), isothermal amplification, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), digital PCR, gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, fluorescence detection, ultraviolet spectrometry, hybridization assays, DNA or RNA sequencing, restriction analysis, reverse transcription, NASBA, allele specific polymerase chain reaction, polymerase cycling assembly (PCA), asymmetric polymerase chain reaction, linear after the exponential polymerase chain reaction (LATE-PCR), helicase-dependent amplification (HDA), hot-start polymerase chain reaction, intersequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (ISSR), inverse polymerase chain reaction, ligation mediated polymerase chain reaction, methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), multiplex polymerase chain reaction, nested polymerase chain reaction, solid phase polymerase chain reaction, or any combination thereof. Respective technologies are well-known to the skilled person and thus, do not need further description here.

According to one embodiment, either or both of the isolating or analyzing steps b) and c) occurs at least one day up to 7 days after the sample has been collected, respectively stabilized according to the teachings of the present invention. Suitable time periods for which the sample, in particular a blood sample, respectively the extracellular nucleic acid population contained therein can be stabilized using the method according to the present invention are also described above and also apply here. According to one embodiment, the isolation step is performed at least one day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days or at least 6 days after the sample was collected and stabilized according to the method according to the present invention. According to one embodiment, either or both of the isolating or analyzing steps occur without freezing the sample and/or without the use of formaldehyde for preserving the cell-containing biological sample. The biological sample is stabilized after the contact with the compound according to formula 1 as defined above, preferably in combination with a further additive such as an anticoagulant like EDTA. An anticoagulant is preferably used when stabilizing blood or a sample derived from blood. The respectively stabilized samples can be handled, e.g. stored and/or shipped at room temperature. As described above, according to one embodiment, an apoptosis inhibitor, preferably a caspase inhibitor is additionally used for stabilization.

Furthermore, according to a third aspect of the present invention a composition suitable for stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population in a biological sample is provided, comprising:

-   -   a) at least one compound according to formula 1 as defined         above; and     -   b) at least one anticoagulant, preferably a chelating agent.

As discussed above, a respective stabilizing composition is particularly effective in stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample, in particular whole blood, plasma and/or serum by stabilizing the comprised cells, transcript levels and the comprised extracellular nucleic acids thereby substantially preserving, respectively stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population. A respective stabilizing composition allows the storage and/or handling, e.g. shipping, of the sample, which preferably is whole blood, at room temperature for at least two, preferably at least three days without substantially compromising the quality of the sample, respectively the extracellular nucleic acid population contained therein. Furthermore, the gene expression profile on thus the transcriptome of contained cells is preserved. Of course, it is not mandatory to make use of the full possible stabilization period; the samples may also be processed earlier if desired. Contacting the biological sample with the stabilizing composition allows the sample to be stored, and or handled, e.g. shipped, even at room temperature prior to isolating and optionally analysing and/or processing the contained nucleic acids. Thus, the time between the collection or stabilization of the sample and the nucleic acid extraction can vary without substantially affecting the population, respectively the composition of the extracellular nucleic acid population contained therein. In particular, dilutions, respectively contaminations with intracellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, are reduced. Furthermore, as the gene transcription profile of contained cells is stabilized, intracellular RNA can be isolated and e.g. used in methods that analyse gene expression and can be used for gene expression profiling. Preferably, the stabilization composition is contacted with the sample immediately after or during collection of the sample. The stabilization composition may also comprise further stabilizing agents as described herein, e.g. an apoptosis inhibitor, which preferably is a caspase inhibitor.

Suitable and preferred embodiments of the compound according to formula 1 and the apoptosis inhibitor as well as suitable and preferred concentrations of the respective compounds are described in detail above in conjunction with the stabilization method. It is referred to the above disclosure which also applies with respect to the stabilization composition. According to one embodiment, the compound according to formula 1 is N,N-dimethylpropanamide. Said compound can also be used in combination with an apoptosis inhibitor, preferably a caspase inhibitor (preferred embodiments are described above, it is referred to the above disclosure).

Furthermore, it is preferred that the stabilization composition comprises further additives, e.g. an anticoagulant such as a chelating agent in particular if the composition is used for stabilizing whole blood, plasma or serum.

According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition consists essentially of the mentioned stabilizers and optional additives and optionally, buffering agents. The stabilizing composition stabilizes the sample and thus, does not promote the lysis and/or disruption of the cells contained in the sample. The stabilizing composition may reduce the damage of the cells comprised in the sample as can be e.g. determined by the assay methods described in the example section.

The composition may be provided in a solid form. This is e.g. a suitable option if the biological sample to be stabilized contains liquid to dissolve the solid (such as for example cell-containing body fluids, cells in medium, urine) or if liquid, e.g. water is added thereto to dissolve the solid. The advantage of using a solid stabilizing composition is that solids are usually chemically more stable. However, also a liquid composition may be used. Liquid compositions often have the advantage that the mixture with the sample to be stabilised can be quickly achieved, thereby basically providing an immediate stabilising effect as soon as the sample comes into contact with the liquid stabilizing composition. Preferably, stabilising agent(s) present in the liquid stabilizing composition remain stable in solution and require no pre-treatment—such as for example the dissolving of precipitates of limited solubility—by the user because pre-treatments of this kind pose a risk of variations in the stabilising efficiency.

Also provided is a mixture comprising the stabilizing composition according to the present invention mixed with a biological sample. Suitable and preferred examples of biological samples as well as suitable concentrations of the stabilizing agent(s) when mixed with the biological sample are described above in conjunction with the stabilizing method. It is referred to the above disclosure which also applies here. Preferably, the stabilizing composition is pre-filled in a sample collection device so that the sample is immediately stabilized during collection. According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition is contacted with the biological sample in a volumetric ratio selected from 10:1 to 1:20, 5:1 to 1:15, 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:2 to 1:5. It is a particular advantage of the stabilizing composition of the present invention that stabilization of a large sample volume can be achieved with a small volume of the stabilizing composition. Therefore, preferably, the ratio of stabilizing composition to sample lies in a range from 1:2 to 1:7, more preferred 1:3 to 1:5.

The stabilizing composition according to the third aspect of the present invention can be used to stabilize the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing sample. Furthermore, the stabilizing composition according to the third aspect of the present invention may also be used for stabilizing cells contained in a sample. As described above, the stabilizing composition inter alia reduces the release of genomic DNA from cells that results from decaying cells. Thus, a respective use is also an advantageous and provided by the teachings according to the present invention. Furthermore, the stabilizing composition according to the third aspect of the present invention may also be used for stabilizing transcript levels in contained cells.

Also provided is a method of manufacturing a composition according to the third aspect of the present invention is provided, wherein the components of the composition are mixed, preferably in an aqueous solution.

The composition of the present invention may also be incorporated into a sample collection device, in particular blood collection assembly, thereby providing for a new and useful version of such a device. Such devices typically include a container having an open and a closed end. The container is preferably a blood collection tube. The container type also depends on the sample to be collected, other suitable formats are described below.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a container for collecting a cell-containing biological sample, preferably a blood sample, wherein the container comprises a stabilizing composition according to the present invention. Providing a respective container, e.g. a sample collection tube, which comprises the stabilizing composition according to the present invention, has the advantage that the sample is quickly stabilized when the sample is collected in the respective container. Details with respect to the stabilizing composition were described above, it is referred to the above disclosure which also applies here.

According to one embodiment, a collection container for receiving and collecting a biological sample is provided wherein the container comprises:

-   a) at least one compound according to formula 1 as defined above,     such that when the sample is collected the compound according to     formula 1 is comprised in a concentration of at least 0.1%, at least     0.5%, at least 0.75%, at least 1%, at least 1.25% or at least 1.5%     or wherein said compound is comprised in a concentration range     selected from 0.1% up to 50%, 0.1 to 30%, 1% to 20%, 1% to 10%, 1%     to 7.5% and 1% to 5%; and/or -   b) optionally at least one further additive, preferably an     anticoagulant such as a chelating agent, preferably EDTA if the     container is for collecting blood or a blood product. Suitable     concentrations are described above and preferably lie in the range     of 4 mM to 50 mM, more preferred 4 mM to 20 mM.

Suitable concentrations are also described above in conjunction with the method and it is referred to the above disclosure. According to one embodiment, the container additionally comprises at least one apoptosis inhibitor such that when the sample is collected, the concentration of the apoptosis inhibitor or combination of two or more apoptosis inhibitors in the resulting mixture is selected from at least 0.01 μM, at least 0.05 μM, at least 0.1 μM, at least 0.5 μM, at least 1 μM, at least 2.5 μM or at least 3.5 μM and preferably is present in a concentration range selected from 0.01 μM to 100 μM, 0.05 μM to 100 μM, 0.1 μM to 50 μM, 1 μM to 40 μM, 1.0 μM to 30 μM or 2.5 μM to 25 μM.

The pre-filled components can be provided in a liquid or in a dry form. Preferably, the stabilizing components are provided as a stabilizing composition. A dry form is e.g. a suitable option if the biological sample to be stabilized contains liquid to dissolve the solid (such as for example cell-containing body fluids, cells in medium, urine) or if liquid, e.g. water is added thereto to dissolve the solid. The advantage of using a solid stabilizing composition is that solids are usually chemically more stable than liquids. According to one embodiment, the inner wall of the container is treated/covered with a stabilizing composition according to the present invention. Said composition can be applied to the inner walls using e.g. a spray-dry-method. Liquid removal techniques can be performed on the stabilising composition in order to obtain a substantially solid state protective composition. Liquid removal conditions may be such that they result in removal of at least about 50% by weight, at least about 75% by weight, or at least about 85% by weight of the original amount of the dispensed liquid stabilising composition. Liquid removal conditions may be such that they result in removal of sufficient liquid so that the resulting composition is in the form of a film, gel or other substantially solid or highly viscous layer. For example it may result in a substantially immobile coating (preferably a coating that can be re-dissolved or otherwise dispersed upon contact with the cell-containing sample which preferably is a blood product sample). It is possible that lyophilization or other techniques may be employed for realizing a substantially solid form of the protective agent (e.g., in the form of one or more pellet). Thus, liquid removal conditions may be such that they result in a material that upon contact with the sample under consideration (e.g., a whole blood sample) the protective agent will disperse in the sample, and substantially preserve components (e.g., extracellular nucleic acids) in the sample. Liquid removal conditions may be such that they result in a remaining composition that is substantially free of crystallinity, has a viscosity that is sufficiently high that the remaining composition is substantially immobile at ambient temperature; or both.

However, also a liquid composition may be used. Liquid compositions often have the advantage that the mixture with the sample to be stabilised can be quickly achieved, thereby basically providing an immediate stabilising effect as soon as the sample comes into contact with the liquid stabilizing composition. Preferably, the stabilising agent(s) present in the liquid stabilizing composition remain stable in solution and require no pre-treatment—such as for example the dissolving of precipitates of limited solubility—by the user because pre-treatments of this kind pose a risk of variations in the stabilising efficiency.

The stabilizing composition is comprised in the container in an amount effective to provide the stabilisation of the amount of sample to be collected in said container. According to one embodiment, the liquid stabilizing composition is contacted with the biological sample in a volumetric ratio selected from 10:1 to 1:20, 5:1 to 1:15, 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:2 to 1:5. It is a particular advantage of the stabilizing composition of the present invention that stabilization of a large sample volume can be achieved with a small volume of the stabilizing composition. Therefore, preferably, the ratio of stabilizing composition to sample lies in a range from 1:2 to 1:7, more preferred 1:3 to 1:5.

According to one embodiment, the container is evacuated. The evacuation is preferably effective for drawing a specific volume of a fluid sample into the interior. Thereby, it is ensured that the correct amount of sample is contacted with the pre-filled amount of the stabilizing composition comprised in the container, and accordingly, that the stabilization is efficient. According to one embodiment, the container comprises a tube having an open end sealed by a septum. E.g. the container is pre-filled with a defined amount of the stabilizing composition either in solid or liquid form and is provided with a defined vacuum and sealed with a septum. The septum is constructed such that it is compatible with the standard sampling accessories (e.g. cannula, etc.). When contacted with e.g. the canula, a sample amount that is predetermined by the vacuum is collected in the container. A respective embodiment is in particular advantageous for collecting blood. A suitable container is e.g. disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,776,959.

The container according to the present invention can be made of glass, plastic or other suitable materials. Plastic materials can be oxygen impermeable materials or may contain an oxygen impermeable layer. Alternatively, the container can be made of water- and air-permeable plastic material. The container according to the present invention preferably is made of a transparent material. Examples of suitable transparent thermoplastic materials include polycarbonates, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate. The container may have a suitable dimension selected according to the required volume of the biological sample being collected. As described above, preferably, the container is evacuated to an internal pressure below atmospheric pressure. Such an embodiment is particularly suitable for collecting body fluids such as whole blood. The pressure is preferably selected to draw a predetermined volume of a biological sample into the container. In addition to such vacuum tubes also non-vacuum tubes, mechanical separator tubes or gel-barrier tubes can be used as sample containers, in particular for the collection of blood samples. Examples of suitable containers and capping devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,397 and US 2004/0043505. As container for collecting the cell-containing sample also further collection devices, for example a syringe, a urine collection device or other collection devices can be used. The type of the container may also depend on the sample type to be collected and suitable containers are also available to the skilled person.

Beneficial results are obtained when the container respectively the device is filled or is pre-filled with at least one compound according to formula 1 as defined above as stabilizing agent. Preferably, an anticoagulant is encompassed in addition to the compound according to formula 1. The anticoagulant is preferably a chelating agent such as EDTA. Furthermore, the stabilizing composition comprised in the container may also comprise an apoptosis inhibitor, preferably a caspase inhibitor and optionally further additives. According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition comprised in the container comprises a caspase inhibitor and an anticoagulant.

According to one embodiment, the container has an open top, a bottom, and a sidewall extending therebetween defining a chamber, wherein the stabilization composition according to the present invention is comprised in the chamber. It may be comprised therein in liquid or solid form. According to one embodiment the container is a tube, the bottom is a closed bottom, the container further comprises a closure in the open top, and the chamber is at a reduced pressure. The advantages of a reduced pressure in the chamber were described above. Preferably, the closure is capable of being pierced with a needle or cannula, and the reduced pressure is selected to draw a specified volume of a liquid sample into the chamber. According to one embodiment, the chamber is at a reduced pressure selected to draw a specified volume of a liquid sample into the chamber, and the stabilizing composition is a liquid and is disposed in the chamber such that the volumetric ratio of the stabilising composition to the specified volume of the cell-containing sample is selected from 10:1 to 1:20, 5:1 to 1:15, 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:2 to 1:5. The associated advantages were described above.

Preferably, the container is for drawing blood from a patient.

According to a fifth aspect, a method is provided comprising the step of collecting a sample from a patient directly into a chamber of a container according to the fourth aspect of the present invention. Details with respect to the container and the sample were described above. It is referred to the respective disclosure. According to one embodiment, a blood sample is collected, preferably it is withdrawn from the patient.

The methods and compositions disclosed herein allow for the efficient preservation and isolation of extracellular nucleic acids while reducing possible mixing with nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, which originates from cells comprised in the biological sample and which may enter a biological sample due to cell damage, respectively cell lysis. The methods according to the present invention, as well as the compositions and the disclosed devices (e.g. the collection containers) reduce the degradation of extracellular nucleic acids and also reduce cell lysis and/or release of genomic nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, so that the extracellular nucleic acids contained in the sample do not become contaminated with intracellular nucleic acids, respectively a respective contamination is reduced by the teachings according to the present invention. As discussed above, an intermixing of extracellular nucleic acids and cellular nucleic acids, in particular fragmented genomic DNA, may reduce the accuracy of any measurement of the amount of extracellular nucleic acids in a biological sample. As discussed above, an important advantage of the present invention is the possibility for essentially simultaneous stabilizing of both the cells contained in the sample (in particular white blood cells or types of white blood cells in case of whole blood, plasma or serum) and the extracellular nucleic acids. This helps to prevent cellular nucleic acids such as genomic DNA from being released into the cell-free portion of the sample, and further diluting the comprised extracellular nucleic acids (and associated biomarkers) of interest, while also maintaining the structural integrity of the extracellular nucleic acids. As discussed herein, contacting the cell-containing biological sample such as whole blood or plasma with the stabilising agent(s) allows the sample to be stored for a period of time prior to isolating the extracellular nucleic acids. More preferably, the cell-containing biological sample, e.g. blood or plasma, may be drawn at one location (e.g., a health care facility), contacted with the stabilising agent(s), and later transported to a different remote location (e.g., a laboratory) for the nucleic acid isolation and testing process.

Furthermore, the stabilization technologies described herein allow to stabilize intracellular nucleic acids and in particular transcript levels as was described in detail above. Furthermore, cells can be isolated from the sample thereby allowing the analysis of specific cell populations such as e.g. tumor cells, e.g. circulating tumor cells in blood samples. The advantages and technical effects were described in detail above and it is referred to the above disclosure.

Furthermore, the stabilization reagents, as disclosed in herein, provide an advantage over known state-of-the-art stabilization reagents which involve the use of cross-linking reagents, such as formaldehyde, formaldehyde releasers and the like, as the stabilization of samples according to the present invention does not involve the use to such crosslinking reagents. Crosslinking reagents cause inter- or intra-molecular covalent bonds between nucleic acid molecules or between nucleic acids and proteins. This effect can lead to a reduced recovery of such stabilized and partially crosslinked nucleic acids after a purification or extraction from a complex biological sample. As, for example, the concentration of circulating nucleic acids in a whole blood samples is already relatively low, any measure which further reduces the yield of such nucleic acids should be avoided. This may be of particular importance when detecting and analyzing very rare nucleic acid molecules derived from malignant tumors or from a developing fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, according to one embodiment, no formaldehyde releaser is comprised in the stabilizing composition, respectively is not additionally used for stabilization.

Therefore, according to one embodiment, no cross-linking agents such as formaldehyde or formaldehyde releasers are comprised in the stabilizing composition, respectively are not additionally used for stabilization. Thus, here the stabilization composition does not comprise a cross-linking agent that induces nucleic acid-nucleic acid, nucleic-acid-protein, in particular protein DNA and/or protein-protein crosslinks. In particular, the stabilization composition does not comprise formaldehyde, formaline, paraformaldehyde or a formaldehyde releaser. Furthermore, as described, the stabilizing composition does preferably not comprise any additives that would induce the lysis of cells, such as e.g. chaotropic salts.

Particularly preferred embodiments are again described in the following.

In a first aspect, the present invention is in particular directed to a method for stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample by contacting the sample with at least one compound according to formula 1

wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an alkyl residue, R2 and R3 are identical or different hydrocarbon residues with a length of the carbon chain of 1-20 atoms arranged in a linear or branched manner, and R4 is an oxygen, sulphur or selenium residue and wherein said compound according to formula 1 is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide.

According to one embodiment, the compound according to formula 1 is N,N-dimethylpropanamide. According to one embodiment, the at least one compound according to formula 1 is comprised in a stabilizing composition which optionally comprises additional additives and wherein said stabilizing composition is contacted with the sample. According to one embodiment, the cell-containing sample is selected from body fluids, blood, buffy coat, white blood cells, plasma, serum and urine and wherein preferably, the sample is a blood sample. According to one embodiment, the cell-containing sample is a blood sample and is additionally contacted with an anticoagulant. According to one embodiment, the degradation of nucleic acids present in the sample is reduced due to the stabilization.

According to one embodiment, intracellular RNA is stabilized. According to one embodiment, the transcriptome, in particular the mRNA expression profile, of and/or transcript levels in contained cells is stabilized. In particular, the transcript level of one or more marker genes selected from c-fos, IL-1beta, IL-8 and p53 is stabilized for at least 48 h upon stabilization.

According to one embodiment, the method is suitable for stabilizing a extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in the cell-containing sample. Preferably, the release of genomic DNA from cells contained in the sample into the cell-free portion of the sample is reduced.

According to one embodiment, cells comprised in the cell-containing biological sample are stabilized. Preferably, the stabilization allows the isolation of cells from the stabilized sample. Preferably, the cell-containing sample is a blood sample and wherein white blood cells are stabilized. In particular, the method has one or more of the following characteristics:

-   -   a) the morphology of cells is preserved;     -   b) the morphology of nucleated cells is preserved;     -   c) the sample is a blood sample and contained lymphocytes and/or         monocytes are stabilized;     -   d) cell surface epitopes are preserved; and/or     -   e) cell surface proteins are preserved.

According to one embodiment, the method is for stabilizing a blood sample, comprising contacting the blood sample with an N,N-dialkylpropanamide and an anticoagulant, wherein transcript levels in contained cells are stabilized.

According to one embodiment, the method has one or more of the following characteristics:

-   -   a) the stabilization does not promote the lysis of nucleated         cells contained in the cell-containing sample;     -   b) the stabilization method is performed without the         crosslinking of the sample; and/or     -   c) the stabilization does not involve the use of a cross-linking         agent that induces nucleic acid-nucleic acid protein-nucleic         acid and/or protein-protein cross-links.

According to one embodiment, the cell-containing sample is additionally contacted with an apoptosis inhibitor. The apoptosis inhibitor preferably is a caspase inhibitor, more preferably a pancaspase inhibitor.

According to one embodiment, nucleic acids are isolated from the stabilized sample. In particular, the method has one or more of the following characteristics:

-   -   a) N,N-dialkylpropanamide and optionally further additives are         comprised in a stabilising composition and wherein the         volumetric ratio of the stabilising composition to the specified         volume of the cell-containing sample is selected from 10:1 to         1:20, 5:1 to 1:15, 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:2 to 1:5;     -   b) the stabilized cell-containing sample is subjected to a         nucleic acid analysis and/or detection method;     -   c) intra- and/or extracellular nucleic acids are isolated from         the stabilized sample and the isolated nucleic acids are         analysed and/or detected;     -   d) cells comprised in the stabilized sample are removed; and/or     -   e) (i) the stabilized cell-containing biological sample, (ii)         the stabilized sample from which cells have been removed         and/or (iii) cells removed from the sample are stored.

According to one embodiment, cells are removed from the stabilized sample. In particular, the removed cells are analysed and/or wherein biomolecules such as nucleic acids or proteins are isolated from the removed cells. According to one embodiment, RNA is isolated from cells contained in the stabilized sample.

In a second aspect, the present invention in particular pertains to a method for isolating nucleic acids from a biological sample comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) stabilizing a cell-containing sample according to the method         according to the first aspect of the invention;     -   b) isolating nucleic acids from the stabilized sample.

According to one embodiment, step b) comprises isolating intracellular nucleic acids, preferably intracellular RNA. In particular, the method comprises removing cells from the stabilized sample and isolating nucleic acids from the removed cells. According to one embodiment, step b) comprises isolating extracellular nucleic acids.

According to one embodiment, cells are separated from the remaining sample and extracellular nucleic acids are isolated from the remaining sample.

According to one embodiment, the sample is blood.

According to one embodiment, the isolated nucleic acids are in a further step c) processed and/or analysed and preferably are:

-   -   i) modified;     -   ii) contacted with at least one enzyme;     -   iii) amplified;     -   iv) reverse transcribed;     -   v) cloned;     -   vi) sequenced;     -   vii) contacted with a probe;     -   viii) detected;     -   ix) quantified;     -   ix) identified; and/or     -   x) analysed for gene expression profiling.

In a third aspect, the present invention in particular pertains to a composition suitable for stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample, comprising

-   -   a) at least one compound according to formula 1

-   -   -   wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an alkyl residue, R2 and             R3 are identical or different hydrocarbon residues with a             length of the carbon chain of 1-20 atoms arranged in a             linear or branched manner, and R4 is an oxygen, sulphur or             selenium residue and wherein said compound according to             formula 1 is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide; and

    -   b) at least one anticoagulant.

According to one embodiment, the N,N-dialkylpropanamide is N,N-dimethylpropanamide. According to one embodiment, the anticoagulant is a chelating agent. According to one embodiment, the cell-containing sample is a blood sample. According to one embodiment, the composition comprises an apoptosis inhibitor. According to one embodiment, the composition is capable of stabilizing the gene transcription profile of contained cells and/or is capable of stabilizing an extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing sample.

According to one embodiment, the composition has one or more of the following characteristics:

-   -   a) it is capable of stabilizing cells and reducing the release         of genomic DNA from cells contained in the cell-containing         biological sample into the cell-free portion of the sample;     -   b) it is capable of reducing the dilution of the extracellular         DNA population comprised in the biological sample with genomic         DNA originating from cells contained in the stabilized sample;     -   c) it is capable of reducing the dilution of the extracellular         nucleic acid population comprised in the biological sample with         intracellular nucleic acids originating from cells contained in         the stabilized sample;     -   d) the stabilization composition does not comprise additives in         a concentration wherein said additives would induce or promote         cell lysis;     -   e) the stabilization composition does not comprise a         cross-linking agent that induces protein-DNA and/or         protein-protein crosslinks;     -   f) the stabilization composition does not comprise formaldehyde,         formaline, paraformaldehyde or a formaldehyde releaser;     -   g) the stabilization composition does not comprise a toxic agent         and/or     -   h) the stabilization composition is capable of stabilizing         extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in the         cell-containing biological sample without refrigeration,         preferably at room temperature, for a time period selected from         at least two days, at least three days, at least two days to         three days, at least two days to six days and/or at least two         days to seven days.

According to one embodiment, upon contact of the stabilizing composition with a blood sample the transcript level of one or more marker genes selected from c-fos, IL-1 beta, IL-8 and p53, stabilized for at least 48 h upon stabilization, and preferably, the volumetric ratio of the stabilizing composition to the cell-containing sample is selected from 10:1 to 1:20, 5:1 to 1:15, 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:2 to 1:5.

According to one embodiment, the sample is a blood sample and the morphology of and/or cell surface epitopes on white blood cells, preferably lymphocytes or other cells contained in the sample, is preserved. Preferably, the stabilizing composition is provided as mixture with a biological sample.

According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition is provided as mixture with a biological sample and said sample has one or more of the following characteristics:

-   -   a) it comprises extracellular nucleic acids;     -   b) it is whole blood.

The present invention furthermore is directed to the use of a composition according to the third aspect of the invention, in a stabilization method according to the first aspect of the invention.

In a fourth aspect, the present invention in particular is directed to a container suitable for collecting a cell-containing biological sample, preferably blood, plasma or serum sample, comprising a stabilizing composition suitable for stabilizing an extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in the cell-containing biological sample, wherein said stabilizing composition comprises at least one compound according to formula 1

wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an alkyl residue, R2 and R3 are identical or different hydrocarbon residues with a length of the carbon chain of 1-20 atoms arranged in a linear or branched manner, and R4 is an oxygen, sulphur or selenium residue and wherein said compound according to formula 1 is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide.

According to one embodiment, the compound according to formula 1 is N,N-dimethylpropanamide. According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition further comprises an anticoagulant, preferably a chelating agent. According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition further comprises an apoptose inhibitor, preferably a caspase inhibitor, more preferably a pancaspase inhibitor. According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition does not comprise a cross-linking agent that induces nucleic acid/nucleic acid, protein-nucleic acid and/or protein-protein crosslinks.

According to one embodiment, the stabilizing composition is a composition according to the third aspect of the invention.

According to one embodiment, the container has one or more of the features as defined herein for the other aspects of the invention.

In a fifth aspect, the invention is directed to a method comprising the step of collecting a sample from a patient into a chamber of the container according to the fourth aspect of the invention.

This invention is not limited by the exemplary methods and materials disclosed herein, and any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of this invention. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of this invention which can be read by reference to the specification as a whole.

The term “solution” as used herein in particular refers to a liquid composition, preferably an aqueous composition. It may be a homogenous mixture of only one phase but it is also within the scope of the present invention that a solution comprises solid additives such as e.g. precipitates, e.g. of the comprised chemical agents.

The sizes, respectively size ranges indicated herein with reference to nucleotides nt, refer to the chain length and thus are used in order to describe the length of single-stranded as well as double-stranded molecules. In double-stranded molecules said nucleotides are paired.

According to one embodiment, subject matter described herein as comprising certain steps in the case of methods or as comprising certain ingredients in the case of compositions, solutions and/or buffers refers to subject matter consisting of the respective steps or ingredients. It is preferred to select and combine preferred embodiments described herein and the specific subject-matter arising from a respective combination of preferred embodiments also belongs to the present disclosure.

TABLE 1 Overview of apoptosis inhibitors Apoptosis inhibitor Description 1. Metabolic inhibitors AICA-Riboside, Acadesine, Offers protection against cell death induced by AICAr, 5-Aminoimidazole-4- glucose deprivation carboxamide-1-β-riboside, Z-Riboside Apoptosis Inhibitor II,  prevents the active ~700-kDa apoptosome complex diarylurea compound formation Bax Channel Blocker, A cell-permeable dibromocarbazolo-piperazinyl  (±)-1-(3,6-Dibromocarbazol- derivative that displays anti-apoptotic properties.  9-yl)-3-piperazin-1-yl- Effectively blocks Bid-induced cyctochrome c  propan-2-ol, bis TFA, iMAC1 release from HeLa cell mitochondria (-80%  inhibition at 5 pM) by inhibiting Bax channel- forming activity (IC50 = 520 nM in a liposome  channel assay). Bax-Inhibiting Peptide, V5 A cell-permeable pentapeptide based on the Ku70-Bax  Peptide sequence: inhibiting domain that offers cytoprotection.  H-Val-Pro-Met-Leu-Lys-OH Functions as effectively as the Caspase Inhibitor  (SEQ ID NO: 1) VI (Z-VAD-FMK; Cat. No. 219007) for Bax-mediated  apoptosis (~50-200 μM). Also effectively blocks  caspase-independent necrotic cell death. Shown to  be Ku70 competitive, interact with Bax, prevent its  conformational change and mitochondrial  translocation. Displays extended stability in  culture medium (~3 days). Bcl-xL BH44-23, Human, A cell-permeable peptide that prevents apoptotic  Cell-Permeable cell death by directly binding to the voltage- dependent anion channel (VDAC) and blocking its  activity. Leads to the inhibition of cytochrome c  release and loss of mitochondrial membrane  potential (ΔΨm). Contains the conserved N-terminal  homology domain (BH4) of Bcl-xL (amino acids 4-23)  that has been shown to be essential for inhibiting  VDAC activity in liposomes and in isolated  mitochondria. The BH4 domain is linked to a carrier  peptide, a 10-amino acid HIV-TAT48-57 sequence with  a p-alanine residue as a spacer for maximum  flexibility. Following its uptake, it is mainly  localized to the mitochondria Bongkrekic Acid, Acts as a ligand of the adenine nucleotide  Triammonium Salt translocator. A potent inhibitor of mitochondrial  megachannel (permeability transition pore).  Significantly reduces signs of apoptosis induced by  nitric oxide. Prevents the apoptotic breakdown of  the inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential  (ΔΨm), as well as a number of other phenomena  linked to apoptosis Daunorubicin, Potent cell-permeable anticancer agent whose  Hydrochloride potential target site may be mitochondrial  cytochrome c oxidase. Has been shown to inhibit RNA  and DNA synthesis. Inhibits eukaryotic  topoisomerases I and II. Induces DNA single-strand  breaks. Also induces apoptosis in HeLa S3 tumor  cells. According to one embodiment, said compound  is not used as stabilizer according to the present  invention. Humanin, Human, A 24-residue anti-apoptotic peptide that, when  Synthetic expressed intracellularly, offers protection  against neuronal apoptosis induced by presenilin  and APP (amyloid precursor protein) mutants  associated with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD).  Shown to reduce cytochrome c release in vitro by  directly binding to Bax (Bcl-2-associated X  protein; Kd ~ 2 nM) and preventing its association  with isolated mitochondria Phorbol-12-myristate- Most commonly-used phorbol ester. Activates protein  13-acetate kinase C in vivo and in vitro, even at nM  concentrations. Activates Ca2₊₋ ATPase and  potentiates forskolin-induced cAMP formation.  Inhibits apoptosis induced by the Fas antigen, but  induces apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia  cells. Pifithrin-α A cell-permeable chemical inhibitor of p53.  Reversibly inhibits p53-dependent transactivation  of p53-responsive genes and reversibly blocks p53- mediated apoptosis. Inhibits p53-dependent growth  arrest of human diploid fibroblasts in response to  DNA damage but has no effect on p53-deficient  fibroblasts. Protects normal tissues from the  deleterious side effects of chemotherapy. Has been  reported to protect neurons against β-amyloid  peptide and glutamate-induced apoptosis Pifithrin-μ A cell-permeable sulfonamide that blocks p53  interaction with Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 proteins and  selectively inhibits p53 translocation to  mitochondria without affecting the transactivation  function of p53. Effectively protects against γ  radiation-induced cell death in vitro and animal  lethality in vivo. Because Pifithrin-μ targets only  the mitochondrial branch of the p53 pathway without  affecting the important transcriptional functions  of p53, it is superior to Pifithrin-α in in vivo  studies. Shown to selectively interact with  inducible HSP70 and disrupt its functions Pifithrin-α, Cyclic- A cell-permeable and very stable analog of  Pifithrin-α, with similar biological function, but  with reduced cytotoxicity. A chemical inhibitor of  p53. Reversibly inhibits p53-dependent  transactivation of p53-responsive genes; also  reversibly blocks p53-mediated apoptosis. Acts as a  P-gp modulator by changing relative substrate  specificity of the transporter. This compound has  been reported to be a potent STATE transcriptional  inhibitor Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro A cell-permeable p53 inhibitor that serves as the  prodrug form of Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic.  Although its in vitro efficacy (ED50 = 0.3 μM in  protecting etoposide-induced cortical neuron death)  is similar to that of Pifithrin-α, it is 100-fold  more potent than Pifithrin-α when adminstered in  rats in vivo due to its long-lasting, steady  conversion to the corresponding cyclic form of  active compound in biological systems (t1/2 = 8h in  neuron culture medium at 37° C.). Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, A cell-permeable p53 inhibitor that exhibits 10- Cyclic fold higher potency (ED50 = 30 nM in protecting  etoposide-induced cortical neuron death) and 50%  longer half-life (t1/2 = 6h in neuron culture  medium at 37° C.) than Pifithrin-α. It shows in  vitro efficacy. STAT3 Inhibitor Peptide A Stat3-SH2 domain binding phosphopeptide that acts  Peptide sequence: as a selective inhibitor of Stat3 (signal  Ac-Pro-Tyr(PO3H2)- transducers and activators of transcription 3)  Leu-Lys-Thr-Lys-OH signaling with a DB50 of 235 μM (concentration of  (SEQ ID NO: 2) peptide at which DNA-binding activity is inhibited  by 50%). Significantly lowers the DNA-binding  activity of Stat3 by forming an inactive  Stat3:peptide complex and reduces the levels of  active Stat3:Stat3 dimers that can bind DNA.  Displays greater affinity for Stat3, and to a  lesser extent Stat1, over Stat5. Supplied as a  trifluoroacetate salt. STAT3 Inhibitor Peptide, A cell-permeable analog of the Stat3-SH2 domain- Cell-Permeable binding phosphopeptide that contains a C-terminal  Peptide sequence: mts (membrane translocating sequence) and acts as a  Ac-Pro-Tyr(P03H2)- highly selective, potent blocker of Stat3  Leu-Lys-Thr-Lys-OH activation. Also suppresses constitutive Stat-3  (SEQ ID NO: 2) dependent Src transformation with no effect on  Stat-3 independent Ras transformation. The  unphosphorylated inactive control peptide is also  available. Supplied as a trifluoroacetate salt. CAY10500, 6,7-dimethyl-3- Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor that prevents  {[methyl-[1-(3- binding to the TNF Receptor 1 (TNFR1).6 Binds to the  trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H- biologically active TNFα trimer and promotes  indol-3-ylmethyl]-amino}- accelerated displacement of a single subunit to  ethyl)-amino]-methyl}- rapidly inactivate the cytokine. In a cell based  chromen-4-one assay, compound inhibited TNFα-mediated stimulation of  IKB degradation. Gambogic amide A selective agonist for TrkA which mimics the actions  of NGF. This compound possesses robust neurotrophic  actvity, while it prevents neuronal cell death 1. Maslinic Acid A pentacyclic triterpene with antioxidant and anti- inflammatory properties. Shown to block the generation  of nitric oxide, and inhibits the secretion of IL-6 and  TNF-α induced by lipopolysaccharides Naringin hydrate A citrus bioflavonoid found to inhibit cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in mouse liver. It prevents  toxin-induced cytoskeletal disruption and apoptotic  liver cell death. Necrostatin-1 An inhibitor of necroptosis, a non-apoptotic cell death  pathway. Does not affect Fas/TNFR-triggered apoptosis.  According to one embodiment, said compound is not used  as stabilizer according to the present invention. NSC348884 hydrate,  This product is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that  N1,N2-bis((3-imino-6- displays several biological activities in ribosome  methyl-3H-indol-2-yl) biogenesis, cell proliferation, cytoplasmic/nuclear  methyl)-N1,N2-bis((6- shuttle transportation, nucleic acid binding,  methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol- ribonucleic cleavage, centrosome duplication and  2-yl)methyl)ethane-1,2- molecular chaperoning, and is found in higher levels in  diamine hydrate tumor cells. Overexpression has been shown to lead to  inhibition of apoptosis. NSC34884 upregulates p53. Orsellinic acid Benzoic acid. Blocks PAF-mediated neuronal apoptosis.  Shows free radical scavenging activity. tetramethyl A synthetic derivative of NDGA and a non-selective  Nordihydroguaiaretic lipoxygenase inhibitor. It inhibits Sp1 transcription  Acid factor binding at the HIV long terminal repeat promoter  and at the α-ICP4 promoter (a gene essential for HSV  replication). GW 4869, 3,3′-(1,4- A cell-permeable, symmetrical dihydroimidazolo-amide  phenylene)bis[N-[4- compound that acts as a potent, specific, non- (4,5-dihydro-1H- competitive inhibitor of N-SMase (neutral  imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]- sphingomyelinase) [IC50 = ~1 μM, rat brain; Km for  hydrochloride-2- sphingomyelin ~13 μM]. Does not inhibit human A-SMase  propenamide (acid sphingomyelinase) even at 150 μM. Weakly inhibits  the activities of bovine protein phosphatase 2A and  mammalian lyso-PAF PLC, while no inhibition is observed  for bacterial phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC.  Reported to offer complete protection against TNF-α or  diamine-induced cell death in MCF7 breast cancer cells  at 20 μM. Does not modify the intracellular glutathione  levels or interfere with TNF-α or diamine-mediated  signaling effects. SP 600125, 1,9- SP600125 is a JNK inhibitor (IC50 = 40 nM for JNK-1 and  Pyrazoloanthrone, JNK-2 and 90 nM for JNK-3). This agent exhibits greater  Anthrapyrazolone than 300-fold selectivity for JNK against related MAP  kinases ERK1 and p38-2, and the serine threonine kinase  PKA. SP600125 is a reversible ATP-competitive  inhibitor. Mdivi-1, 3-(2,4- Mdivi-1 is a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial  Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl) division in yeast and mammalian cells which acts via  -2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-4 inhibiting the mitochondrial division dynamin. In  (1H)-quinazolinone, 3- cells, Mdivi-1 inhibits apoptosis by inhibiting  (2,4-Dichloro-5- mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl- 4(3H)-quinazolinone Minocycline . Tetracycline derivative with antimicrobial activity.  hydrochloride Inhibitor of angiogenesis, apoptosis and poly(ADP- ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Anti-inflammatory and  neuroprotective Ro 08-2750 (C13H10N4O3) Inhibitor of NGF-induced apoptosis. RKTS-33 (C7H8O4) selective inhibition of Fas ligand-dependent pathway  alone 2. Nucleic acids 3,4-Dichloroisocoumarin Inhibitor of serine proteases -> granzyme B and blocks  apoptotic internucleosomal DNA cleavage in thymocytes  without the involvement of endonucleases. Does not  affect thiol proteases and metalloproteases Actinomycin D,  Also acts as a competitive inhibitor of serine  Streptomyces sp. proteases; Classical anti-neoplastic drug. Cytotoxic  inducer of apoptosis against tumor cells. A DNA  dependent inhibitor of RNA synthesis, actinomycin  promotes induction of apoptosis by some specific  stimuli, for example, TRAIL and Fas (CD95). Actinomycin  D can also alleviate or block the apoptotic process and  decrease the cytotoxicity induced by several stimuli  such as the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor  aminopterin and the prostaglandin derivative 15-deoxy- D12,14-prostaglandin J2, thus it can have both pro and  anti-apoptotic activities in some systems. According to  one embodiment, said compound is not used as stabilizer  according to the present invention. Aurintricarboxylic Acid Inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II Baicalein A cell-permeable flavone that inhibits the activity of  12-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 120 nM) and reverse  transcriptase. Protects cortical neurons from β-amyloid  induced toxicity. Reduces leukotriene biosynthesis and  inhibits the release of lysosomal enzymes. Also  inhibits cellular Ca2+uptake and mobilization, and  adjuvant-induced arthritis. Reported to inhibit  microsomal lipid peroxidation by forming an iron- baicalein complex. Inhibits topoisomerase II and  induces cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cell  lines. Potentiates contractile responses to nerve  stimulation. Inhibits protein tyrosine kinase and PMA- stimulated protein kinase C Camptothecin, A cell-permeable DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor.  Camptotheca Exhibits anti-leukemic and antitumor properties.  acuminate Induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells and mouse thymocytes.  Arrests cells at the G2/M phase. According to one  embodiment, said compound is not used. Diisopropylfluorophosphate serine protease inhibitor Phenylmethylsulfonyl Irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases. Its  Fluoride (PMSF) mechanism of action is analogous to that of  diisopropylfluorophosphate. PMSF causes sulfonylation  of the active-site serine residues. Also reported to  inhibit internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in immature  thymocytes. For a related, more stable inhibitor, see  AEBSF (-)-Huperzine A An inhibitor of AChE. Antagonist of NMDA receptors.  Protects against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Razoxane Inhibits topoisomerase II without inducing DNA strand  breaks (topo II catalytic inhibitor). Suptopin-2 Suppressor of topoisomerase II inhibition. Reverses  cell cycle arrest; bypass of checkpoint function. Has  inherent fluorescence and a distinct advantage in  identification of molecule targets; effective  concentraion in the μM range. 3. Enzymes 3.1. Caspases Apoptosis Inhibitor; Effects attributable to the inhibition of caspase-3  2-(p-Methoxybenzy1)- activation 3,4-pyrrolidinedio1- 3-acetate clAP-1, Human,  Recombinant, human clAP-1 (amino acids 1-618) fused to  Recombinant, E. coli the peptide sequence MATVIDH10SSNG at the N-terminus  and expressed in E. coli. clAP is a member of the  inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins that inhibits  proteolytic activity of mature caspases by interaction  of the BIR domain with the active caspase CrmA, Recombinant CrmA (cowpox viral serpin cytokine response modifier A)  is purified from E. coli transformed with a construct  containing the full-length coding region of the CrmA  gene and 7 additional amino acids that do not affect  the activity. CrmA is a natural inhibitor of human  caspase-1 and granzyme B, enzymes that are involved in  apoptosis Group III Caspase A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Inhibitor I Group III caspases (caspase-6, -8, -9, and -10),  Peptide sequence: although more effective towards caspases-6 and -8. Also  Ac-Ile-Glu-Pro-Asp-CHO, inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3. When using with  (SEQ ID NO: 3) purified native or recombinant enzyme,pretreatment with  Ac-IEPD-CHO, Caspase-8  an esterase is required. inhibitor III Kaempferol A cell-permeable phytoestrogen that inhibits  topoisomerase I-catalyzed DNA religation in HL-60  cells. Offers protection against Aβ25-35-induced cell  death in neonatal cortical neurons. Its protective  effects are comparable to that of estradiol. Blocks the  Aβ-induced activation of caspase-2, -3, -8, and -9, and  reduces NMDA-induced neuronal apoptosis. Reported to be  a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidases. Acts as an  inhibitor of COX-1 activity (IC50 = 180 μM), and of  transcriptional activation of COX-2 (IC50 < 15 μM Q-VD-OPH General, Pancaspase Boc-D(OMe)-FMK General, Pancaspase Z-D(OMe)E(OMe)VD(OMe)- Caspase 3, 7 FMK (SEQ ID NO: 4) Z-LE(OMe)TD(OMe)-FMK Caspase 8 (SEQ ID NO: 5) Z-YVAD(OMe)-FMK (SEQ ID NO: 6) Caspase 1, 4 Z-FA-FMK Inhibits Cathepsin B Z-FF-FMK Cathepsin B, L Mu-PheHphe-FMK Cathepsin B, L Z-AE(OMe)VD(OMe)-FMK Caspase 10 (SEQ ID NO: 7) Z-ATAD(OMe)-FMK (SEQ ID NO: 8) Caspase 12 Z-VK(Biotin)-D(OMe)-FMK General Caspase Z-LE(OMe)VD(OMe)-FMK  Caspase 4 (SEQ ID NO: 9) Z-VAM-FMK Antiviral peptide inhibitor, Inhibits HRV2 and HRV14 4′-Azidocytidine HCV Inhibitor Caspase-13 Inhibitor I A potent, reversible inhibitor of caspase-13 (ERICE). Peptide sequence: Ac-Leu-Glu-Glu-Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 10) Caspase-13 Inhibitor II A cell-permeable, irreversible inhibitor of caspase-13.  Peptide sequence: When using with purified native or recombinant enzyme,  Z-Leu-Glu(OMe)-Glu(OMe)- pretreatment with an esterase is required. Asp(OMe)-FMK (SEQ ID NO: 11) Caspase-1 Inhibitor I A potent, specific, and reversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-1 (Ki = 200 pM for human recombinant caspase- Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO 1), caspase-4, and caspase-5. Strongly inhibits anti- (SEQ ID NO: 12) APO-1 induced apoptosis in L929-APO-1 cells. Caspase-1 Inhibitor I, A cell-permeable inhibitor of caspase-1 (ICE;  Cell-Permeable Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme), caspase-4, and  Peptide sequence: caspase-5. The C-terminal YVAD-CHO sequence of this  Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala- peptide is a highly specific, potent, and reversible  Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val- inhibitor of caspase-1 (Ki = 1 nM). The N-terminal  Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu- sequence (amino acid residues 1-16) corresponds to the  Ala-Pro-Tyr-Val-Ala- hydrophobic region (h-region) of the signal peptide of  Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 13) the Kaposi fibroblast growth factor (K-FGF) and confers  cell-permeability to the peptide Caspase-1 Inhibitor II A cell-permeable and irreversible inhibitor of caspase- Peptide sequence: 1 (Ki = 760 pM), caspase-4, and caspase-5. Inhibits  Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CMK Fas-mediated apoptosis and acidic sphingomyelinase  (SEQ ID NO: 14) activation Caspase-1 Inhibitor IV A highly selective, competitive, cell-permeable, and  Peptide sequence: irreversible inhibitor of caspase-1, caspase-4, and  Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-AOM caspase-5. Inactivates the enzyme with a rate limited  (AOM = 2,6- by diffusion and is relatively inert toward other  dimethylbenzoyloxymethyl bionucleophiles such as glutathione, making it an  ketone) (SEQ ID NO: 15) excellent candidate for in vivo studies of enzyme  inhibition Caspase-1 Inhibitor V A potent inhibitor of caspase-1-like proteases. Blocks  Peptide sequence: apoptotic cell death in human myeloid leukemia U937  Z-Asp-CH2-DCB cells and blocks etoposide-induced DNA fragmentation Caspase-1 Inhibitor VI A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-1 (ICE), caspase-4, and caspase-5 Z-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe)-CH2F* (SEQ ID NO: 16) Caspase-2 Inhibitor I A cell-permeable and irreversible inhibitor of caspase- Peptide sequence: 2 (ICH-1 Z-Val-Asp(OMe)-Val-Ala- Asp(OMe)-CH2F* (SEQ ID NO: 17) Caspase-2 Inhibitor II A reversible inhibitor of caspase-2 and caspase-3 Peptide sequence: Ac-Leu-Asp-Glu-Ser- Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 18) Caspase-3/7 Inhibitor I A potent, cell-permeable, and specific, reversible  Peptide sequence: inhibitor of caspase-3 (Ki = 60 nM) and caspase-7  5-[(S)-(+)-2- (Ki = 170 nM). (Methoxymethyl) pyrrolidino]sulfonylisatin Caspase-3 Inhibitor I A very potent, specific, and reversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-3 (IC50 = 200 pM), caspase-6, caspase-7,  Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO caspase-8, and caspase-10. (SEQ ID NO: 19) Caspase-3 Inhibitor I, A cell-permeable inhibitor of caspase-3, as well as  Cell-Permeable caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-10. The C- Peptide sequence: terminal DEVD-CHO sequence of this peptide is a highly  Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala- specific, potent, and reversible inhibitor of caspase-3  Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val- (Ki < 1 nM) that has also been shown to strongly  Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu- inhibit PARP cleavage in cultured human osteosarcoma  Ala-Pro-Asp-Glu-Val- cell extracts (IC50 = 200 pM). The N-terminal sequence  Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 20) (amino acid residues 1-16) corresponds to the  hydrophobic region (h-region) of the signal peptide of  Kaposi fibroblast growth factor (K-FGF) and confers  cell-permeability to the peptide. A 5 mM (1 mg/100 μl)  solution of Caspase-3 Inhibitor I, Cell-permeable (Cat.  No. 235427) in DMSO is also available. Caspase-3 Inhibitor II A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-3 as well as caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8,  Z-Asp(OCH3)-Glu(OCH3)- and caspase-10. When using with purified native or  Val-Asp(OCH3)-FMK recombinant enzyme, pretreatment with an esterase is  (SEQ ID NO: 21) required. A 5 mM (250 μg/75 μl) solution of Z-DEVD-FMK  (Cat. No. 264156) in DMSO is also available Caspase-3 Inhibitor III A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-3 as well as caspase-6, caspase-7, caspase-8,  Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CMK and caspase-10 (SEQ ID NO: 22) Caspase-3 Inhibitor IV A specific inhibitor of caspase-3. This tetrapeptide  Peptide sequence. inhibitor has been used with the caspase-6 inhibitor  Ac-Asp-Met-Gln-Asp-CHO Ac-VEID-CHO to dissect the pathway of caspase  (SEQ ID NO: 23) activation in Fas-stimulated Jurkat cells Caspase-3 Inhibitor V A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-3, also recognizes caspase-1. When using with  Z-Asp(OMe)-Gln-Met- purified native or recombinant enzyme, pre-treatment  Asp(OMe)-CH2F* with an esterase is required (SEQ ID NO: 24) Caspase-3 Inhibitor VII A cell-permeable, non-peptidyl pyrroloquinoline  Peptide sequence: compound that acts as a potent, reversible, and non- 2-(4-Methyl-8-(morpholin- competitive inhibitor of caspase-3 (IC50 = 23 nM) with  4-ylsulfonyl)-1,3-dioxo- 10-100-fold greater selectivity. Shown to display  1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo higher anti-apoptotic activity than Z-VAD-FMK (Cat. No.  [3,4-c]quinolin-2-yl) 627610) in a model of Staurosporine- (Cat. No. 569397)  ethyl acetate induced apoptosis in human Jurkat T cells. Caspase-4 Inhibitor I A reversible caspase-4 inhibitor Peptide sequence: Ac-Leu-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 25) Caspase-4 Inhibitor I, A potent, cell-permeable, and reversible inhibitor of  Cell-Permeable caspase-4. The N-terminal sequence (amino acid residues  Peptide sequence: 1-16) corresponds to the hydrophobic region of the  Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala- signal peptide of Kaposi fibroblast growth factor and  Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val- confers cell permeability to the peptide. Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu- Ala-Pro-Leu-Glu-Val- Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 26) Caspase-5 Inhibitor I A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-5. Strongly inhibits caspase-1. Also inhibits  Z-Trp-Glu(OMe)-His- caspase-4 and caspase-8 Asp(OMe)-CH2F* (SEQ ID NO: 27) Caspase-6 Inhibitor I A cell-permeable, irreversible inhibitor of caspase-6.  Peptide sequence: When using with purified native or recombinant enzyme,  Z-Val-Glu(OMe)-Ile- pretreatment with an esterase is required Asp(OMe)-CH2F* (SEQ ID NO: 28) Caspase-6 Inhibitor II, A potent, cell-permeable, and reversible inhibitor of  Cell-Permeable caspase-6. The N-terminal sequence (amino acids 1-16)  Peptide sequence: corresponds to the hydrophobic region of the signal  Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala- peptide of Kaposi fibroblast growth factor and confers  Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val- cell permeability to the peptide Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu- Ala-Pro-Val-Glu-Ile- Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 29) Caspase-8 Inhibitor I, A potent, cell-permeable, and reversible inhibitor of  Cell-Permeable caspase-8 and Granzyme B. The N-terminal sequence  Peptide sequence: (amino acids 1-16) corresponds to the hydrophobic  Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala- region of the signal peptide of Kaposi fibroblast  Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val- growth factor and confers cell permeability to the  Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu- peptide Ala-Pro-Ile-Glu-Thr- Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 30) Caspase-8 Inhibitor 11 A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-8 and granzyme B. Effectively inhibits  Z-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr- influenza virus-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Also  Asp(OMe)-CH2F* inhibits granzyme B. When using with purified native or  (SEQ ID NO: 31) recombinant enzyme, pretreatment with an esterase is  required. A 5 mM (250 μg/76 μl) solution of Z-IETD-FMK  (Cat. No. 218840) in DMSO is also available. Caspase-9 Inhibitor I A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: caspase-9. May also inhibit caspase-4 and caspase-5.  Z-Leu-Glu(OMe)-His- When using with purified native or recombinant enzyme,  Asp(OMe)-CH2F* pretreatment with an esterase is required. A 5 mM (250  (SEQ ID NO: 32) μg/72 μl) solution of Z-LEHD-FMK (Cat. No. 218841) in  DMSO is also available Caspase-9 Inhibitor II, A potent, cell-permeable, and reversible inhibitor of  Cell-Permeable caspase-9. May also inhibit caspase-4 and caspase-5.  Peptide sequence: The N-terminal sequence (amino acids 1-16) corresponds  Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala- to the hydrophobic region of the signal peptide of  Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val- Kaposi fibroblast growth factor and confers cell  Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu- permeability to the peptide Ala-Pro-Leu-Glu-His- Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 33) Caspase-9 Inhibitor III A potent, irreversible inhibitor of caspase-9. Reported  Peptide sequence: to reduce myocardial infarct size during reperfusion  Ac-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-CMK (~70 nM). (SEQ ID NO: 34) Caspase Inhibitor 1 A cell-permeable, irreversible, pan-caspase inhibitor.  Peptide sequence: Inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells and  Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH2F* staurosporine-induced cell death in corneal epithelial  cells. When using with purified native or recombinant  enzyme, pre-treatment with an esterase is required. Caspase Inhibitor 11 A potent and reversible pan-caspase inhibitor. Peptide sequence: Ac-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO  Caspase Inhibitor II,  A cell-permeable, reversible pan-caspase inhibitor  Cell-Permeable produced by attaching the N-terminal sequence (amino  Peptide sequence: acids 1-16) of the Kaposi fibroblast growth factor  Ac-Ala-Ala-Val-Ala- signaling peptide, which imparts cell-permeability to  Leu-Leu-Pro-Ala-Val- VAD peptide. Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu- Ala-Pro-Val-Ala- Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 35) Caspase Inhibitor III A cell-permeable, irreversible, broad-spectrum caspase  Peptide sequence: inhibitor. Boc-Asp(OMe)-CH2F* Caspase Inhibitor IV A general, irreversible caspase inhibitor. Peptide sequence: Boc-Asp(OBzI)-CMK Caspase Inhibitor VI An irreversible general caspase inhibitor. Useful for  Peptide sequence: studies involving recombinant, isolated, and purified  Z-Val-Ala-Asp-CH2F* caspase enzymes. Unlike Caspase Inhibitor I (Cat. No.  627610), this inhibitor does not require pretreatment  with esterase for in vitro studies. A 10 mM (1 mg/  221 μl) solution of Caspase Inhibitor VI (Cat. No.  219011) in DMSO is also available Caspase Inhibitor VIII A potent, reversible inhibitor of caspase-2 (Ki = 3.5  Peptide sequence: nM), caspase-3 (Ki = 1 nM) and caspase-7 (Ki = 7.5 nM).  Ac-Val-Asp-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO Also serves as an inhibitor of DRONC (Drosophila  (SEQ ID NO: 36) caspase), a glutamate/aspartate protease. Caspase Inhibitor X A benzodioxane containing 2,4-disubstituted thiazolo  Peptide sequence: compound that acts as a selective, reversible and  BI-9B12 competitive inhibitor of caspases (Ki = 4.3 μM, 6.2 μM  and 2.7 μM for caspase-3, -7 and -8, respectively). The  benzodioxane moiety is shown to fit in the ‘aspartate  hole’ of the caspases and possibly disrupt caspase-8  assisted cleavage of BID, a proapoptotic protein.  Weakly affects the activity of anthrax lethal factor, a  metalloprotease, at ~20 μM Caspase-1 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Ac-N-Me-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 37) Ac-Trp-Glu-His-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 38) Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 39) Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 40) Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-2,6-dimethylbenzoyloxymethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 41) Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp(OtBu)-aldehyde-dimethyl acetal (SEQ ID NO: 42) Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 43) Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys(biotinyI)-Asp-2,6-dimethylbenzoyloxymethylketone Biotinyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chlorom ethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 72) Biotinyl-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone  Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 73) Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Val-Ala-DL-Asp(OMe)- fluoromethylketone Z-Asp-2,6-dichlorobenzoyloxymethylketone Z-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 74) Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone Z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone Caspase-2 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Ac-Val-Asp-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 44) Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Val-Asp(OMe)-Val-Ala-DL- Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone Z-Val-Asp(OMe)-Val-Ala-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 45) Caspase-3 Precursor Protease Including, but not limited to Inhibitors Ac-Glu-Ser-Met-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 46) Ac-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 47) Caspase-3 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 48) Ac-Asp-Met-Gln-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 49) Biotinyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 51) Caspase-3/7 Inhibitor II Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-DL- Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 52) Z-Asp(OMe)-Gln-Met-D L-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 75) Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-chloromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 76) Z-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 77) Caspase-4 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Ac-Leu-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 53) Z-Tyr-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 54) Caspase-6 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Ac-Val-Glu-Ile-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 55) Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Val-Glu(OMe)-1Ie-DL-Asp(OMe)- fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 56) Z-Val-Glu(OMe)-Ile-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 56) Caspase-8 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Ac-Ile-Glu-Pro-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 57) Boc-Ala-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 58) Fluorescein-6-carbonykle-Glu(OMe)-Thr-DL-Asp(OMe)- fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 59) Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Leu-Glu(OMe)-Thr-DL-Asp(OMe)- fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 60) Z-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 78) Z-Leu-Glu(OMe)-Thr-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 79) Z-LE(OMe)TD(OMe)-FM K Caspase-9 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Ac-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-aldehyde (pseudo acid) (SEQ ID NO: 61) Ac-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-chloromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 62) Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Leu-Glu(OMe)-His-DL-Asp(OMe)- fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 80) Caspase-10 Inhibitors Including, but not limited to Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Ala-Glu(OMe)-Val-DL-Asp(OMe)- fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 63) Z-Ala-Glu-Val-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone (SEQ ID NO: 80) 3.2. Calpain Calpain Inhibitor III A potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of calpain I and II  Peptide sequence: (Ki = 8 nM). Reduces capsaicin-mediated cell death in  Z-Val-Phe-CHO cultured dorsal root ganglion. Reported to block  A23187-induced suppression of neurite outgrowth in  isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Exhibits  neuroprotective effect in glutamate-induced toxicity. Calpain Inhibitor IV A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: calpain II (k2 = 28,900 M-1s-1). Also acts as an  Z-Leu-Leu-Tyr-CH2F inhibitor of cathepsin L (k2 = 680,000 M-1s-1). Calpain Inhibitor V A potent, cell-permeable, and irreversible inhibitor of  Peptide sequence: calpain Mu-Val-HPh-CH2F (Mu = morpholinoureidyl; HPh = homophenylalanyl) Ac-Leu-Leu-Nle-al Cell-permeable, peptide aldehyde inhibitor of calpain I  (Ki = 190 nM), calpain II (Ki = 150 nM), cathepsin L  (Ki = 0.5 nM) and other neutral cysteine proteases.  Inhibits cell cycle progression at G1/S and  metaphase/anaphase in CHO cells by inhibiting cyclin B  degradation. Also stimulates HMG-CoA synthase  transcription by inhibiting degradation of active  SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1).  Protects against neuronal damage caused by hypoxia and  ischemia. Inhibits apoptosis in thymocytes and  metamyelocytes. Also prevents nitric oxide production  by activated macrophages by interfering with the  transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS;  NOS II). Inhibits proteolytic degradation of IkBalpha  and IkBβ in RAW macrophages induced with LPS. It also  prolong association of MHC class I molecules with the  transporters associated with antigen processing Z-LLY-FMK Calpain N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-Met Calpain I N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-Nle-CHO Calpain I 3.3. others BAPTA/AM Membrane-permeable form of BAPTA. Can be loaded into a  wide variety of cells, where it is hydrolyzed by  cytosolic esterases and is trapped intracellularly as  the active chelator BAPTA. Prevents cocaine-induced  ventricular fibrillations. Abolishes vitamin D3-induced  increase in intracellular Ca2 protein kinase C. Also  inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in rat  thymocytes. Granzyme B Inhibitor I A weak inhibitor of the human and murine granzyme B.  Peptide sequence: Also inhibits the apoptosis-related DNA fragmentation  Z-Ala-Ala-Asp-CH2Cl in lymphocytes by fragmentin 2, a rat lymphocyte  granule protease homologous to granzyme B  (ID50 = 300 nM). Granzyme B Inhibitor II A potent, reversible inhibitor of granzyme B and  Peptide sequence: caspase-8 (Ki = 1 nM). Also inhibits caspase-1 (<6 nM),  Ac-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-CHO caspase-6 (5.6 nM), and caspase-10 (27 nM). (SEQ ID NO: 64) Granzyme B Inhibitor IV A reversible inhibitor of granzyme B and caspase-8 Peptide sequence: Ac-Ile-Glu-Pro-Asp-CHO (SEQ ID NO: 65) Leupeptin, Hemisulfate, A reversible inhibitor of trypsin-like proteases and  Microbial cysteine proteases. Also known to inhibit activation- induced programmed cell death and to restore defective  immune responses of HIV+ donors N-Ethylmaleimide Sulfhydryl alkylating reagent that inhibits H+-ATPase  and suppresses the short circuit current (IC50 = 22 μM)  in pancreatic duct cells. Inactivates NADP-dependent  isocitrate dehydrogenase. Also a potent inhibitor of  both Mg2+ and Ca2+/Mg2+-stimulated DNA fragmentation in  rat liver nuclei. Stimulates arachidonic acid release  through activation of PLA2 in endothelial cells Nα-Tosyl-Lys Chloromethyl Inhibits trypsin-like serine proteinases. Irreversibly  Ketone, Hydrochloride (TLCK) inactivates trypsin without affecting chymotrypsin.  Prevents nitric oxide production by activated  macrophages by interfering with transcription of the  iNOS gene. Blocks cell-cell adhesion and binding of  HIV-1 virus to the target cells. In macrophages, blocks  nitric oxide synthase induced by interferon-γ and  lipopolysaccharides (EC50 = 80 μM). Prevents  endonucleolysis accompanying apoptotic death of HL-60  leukemia cells and normal thymocytes Omi/HtrA2 Protease  A cell-permeable furfurylidine-thiobarbituric acid  Inhibitor, Ucf-101 compound that acts as a potent, specific, competitive,  and reversible inhibitor of the pro-apoptotic, heat- inducible, mitochondrial serine protease Omi/HtrA2  (IC50 = 9.5 μM for His-Omi134-458). Shows very little  activity against various other serine proteases tested  (IC50 ≥ 200 μM). Reported to block Omi/HtrA2 induced  cell death in caspase-9 (-/-) null fibroblasts. Phenylarsine Oxide A membrane-permeable protein tyrosine phosphatase  inhibitor (IC50 = 18 μM). Stimulates 2-deoxyglucose  transport in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle  and activates p56Ick protein tyrosine kinase. Blocks  TNF-α-dependent activation of NF-KB inhuman myeloid  ML-1a cells. PAO inhibits the protease activities of  recombinant human caspases as well as endogenous  caspases that are active in extracts of pre-apoptotic  chicken DU249 cells (S/M extracts). Phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate Activates protein kinase C. Stimulates the  phosphorylation of Na+,K+-ATPase, thereby inhibiting  its activity. Promotes the expression of inducible NOS  in cultured hepatocytes. Hypericin Inhibits PKC, CKII, MAP Kinase, Insulin R, EGFR, PI-3  Kinase and also noted to possess antiviral activity. Butyrolactone I A cell-permeable and highly selective inhibitor of  cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) that inhibits  cell cycle progression at the G1/S and G2/M  transitions. Inhibits p34cdk1/cyclinB (Cdk1;  IC50 = 680 nM). Also selectively inhibits Cdk2 and CdkS  kinases. Has little effect on casein kinase I, casein  kinase II, EGF receptor kinase, MAP kinase, PKA, and  PKC. Shown to prevent the phosphorylation of  retinoblastoma protein and H1 histone. Also blocks Fas- induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells and shows antitumor  effects on human lung cancer cell lines Nilotinib Specific BCR-ABL-Tyrosinkinase-lnhibitor Quercetin(Sophoretin) Quercetin is a PI3K and PKC inhibitor with IC50 of 3.8  μM and 15 μg/ml. It strongly abrogated PI3K and Src  kinases, mildly inhibited Akt1/2, and slightly affected  PKC, p38 and ERK1/2. [1][2] Quercetin is a naturally- occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor with IC50 of  0.8, 16.7, 6.1, 11.36 1 μM for the inhibition of LDH %  release, the inhibition of TNF-induced PMN-EC adhesion,  TNF-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis and  proliferation

EXAMPLES

In the following examples, materials and methods of the present invention are provided. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purpose only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.

I. Cell and Transcript Level Stabilising Properties of N,N Dialkylpropanamides Example 1 Use of N,N-Dimethylpropanamide for Stabilizing Blood Samples

A test system and study setup was established that allows the identification of reagent compositions that have gene transcript stabilisation capabilities, as indicated by constant levels of transcripts from selected genes (c-fos, IL-1beta, IL-8, p53). These transcripts were identified in prior studies as very unstable transcripts during storage, which are induced or down regulated (gains and losses of transcripts) within minutes after blood collection and were therefore chosen as “worst case” markers for screening purposes.

Moreover to exclude any possible influence of the RNA preparation protocol on the analysis of transcript levels, the same RNA preparation technology used for the [+] control of sample stabilisation was also used for [−] control of samples stabilisation and for test samples.

Blood was collected from multiple donors into replicate EDTA blood tubes (BD, [−] control of sample stabilisation) and PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes (PreAnalytiX) serving as [+] control of sample stabilisation. PAXgene Blood RNA tubes contain a composition (see also background of the invention) that lysis cells and thereby “freeze” the gene transcription profile. PAXgene Blood RNA tubes are for stabilizing blood for gene expression analysis. One aim was to find stabilization method that not based on cell lysis but achieves the same or similar performance as the PAXgene Blood RNA tubes in transcript level stabilization. Therefore, samples collected in PAXgene Blood and thus treated with the stabilization composition contained therein were used as positive control in the experimental set up. Immediately after blood collection half of the EDTA blood samples were treated with cell and transcript stabilisation test solution, resulting in blood test samples. 1 ml stabilisation additive was added to 9 ml EDTA blood. The blood and stabiliser solution was mixed by tube inversion for 8-10 times. All blood tubes were incubated at RT for 0, 24 and 72 hours. PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes defined as without incubation (test timepoint 0 h) were incubated for 2 h as this is the minimal cell lysis and RNA precipitation time required to isolate RNA from PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes. After incubation, PAXgene Blood RNA Tube samples were frozen at −20° C., while aliquots of 2.5 ml per EDTA blood and samples of EDTA blood mixed with stabiliser were transferred at test timepoint 0 h or after the stabilization period to PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes, mixed by tube inversion as described and incubated for 6 h in PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes for lysis followed by storage at −20° C.

RNA preparation was performed from all blood samples that were finally in PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes with the PAXgene 96 Blood RNA Kit (QIAGEN) according to the protocol described in the handbook after thawing and equilibration of tubes to room temperature

Quantity (RNA yield) and quality (RNA purity, RNA integrity) of RNA was measured by UV spectroscopy and miniaturised capillary gel electrophoresis with RIN calculation (Nanochips on Agilent Bioanalyzer).

Transcript levels of all RNA samples were analysed by real time RT-PCR using monoplex assays of FOS, IL1B, IL8 and TP53, normalized to the amount of template input into the reaction. Resulting CT values reflecting the amount of transcripts were directly compared. Relative transcripts levels unaffected from blood sample incubation at RT were indicated by constant CT values, while gains of transcripts (e.g., by gene induction) were indicated by lower CT and loss of transcripts (e.g., by gene repression) by higher CT values.

Cell and cell surface epitope integrity was analysed by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using fluorescence conjugated anti-CD3 antibody

N,N-dimethylpropanamide (DMPA) was tested as example of a compound according to formula 1 which is a N,N dialkylpropanamide for its potential to stabilise transcripts and white blood cells as described in Materials and Methods. Blood was collected from eight donors into different tubes and were kept untreated as controls or were treated by the addition of 1 ml stabilisation additive (50% v/v N,N-dimethylpropanamide, 5×MOPS buffer, pH5.5) to 9 ml EDTA blood. Blood mixing, incubation, transfer of blood sample aliquots to PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes, freezing, storage and RNA preparation was done as described above. RNA was subjected to transcript level analysis as described above.

In addition, cell and cell surface epitope integrity was analysed in the stabilized samples by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). In detail, the presence and accessibility of cell surface proteins was analysed by binding of fluorescence conjugated antibody (PE-labelled anti-CD3) directed against cellular epitope CD3 that is specific for lymphocytes, while other white blood cell subtypes (monocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes) are CD3 negative. All results obtained in this example are shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 5.

As expected, the relative levels of transcripts from the four selected genes stayed stable in the PAXgene Blood RNA Tubes and were altered in the EDTA tubes that did not receive the stabiliser (ex vivo gene induction/gain of transcripts of FOS, IL8 and gene repression/loss of transcripts of ID B, TP53). EDTA blood samples mixed with the stabiliser DMPA showed stabilised expression levels as is indicated by unchanged or by only minor minimal changes of CT values over time of blood sample storage (see FIGS. 1 to 4). Thus, the gene expression profile was “freezed” upon stabilization with DMPA similar to the effect seen with PAXgene RNA tubes. However, in the DMPA treated samples cells were preserved thereby allowing a separate analysis of the cells.

In untreated EDTA blood (FACS [+] control [EDTA]), lymphocytes were detected until the last incubation test time point of this test series that was incubation of blood for three days at room temperature. Lymphocytes in EDTA blood treated with the stabilisation additive (Test solution 5% v/v DMPA) were also detectable for up to three days (see FIG. 5). Specific fluorescence signals were not detected in FACS (−) control (EDTA) samples, while all other samples of fresh and incubated blood collected into EDTA tubes that were kept untreated and treated with the stabiliser DMPA showed presence of specifically lymphocytes. Thus, stabilization with DMPA allows the analysis of cells contained in the stabilized sample.

Example 1 thus shows that RNA could be efficiently isolated from blood samples treated with N,N-dimethylpropanamide (DMPA) as stabilizer. The extracted RNA was suitable for RT-PCR analysis and transcript levels were efficiently stabilised over a prolonged period of time at room temperature in blood mixed with the DMPA. Furthermore, lymphocyte cells were intact and cell surface epitopes (cell membrane proteins) were detectable in blood treated with N,N-dimethylpropianamide (DMPA). Thus, N,N dialklpropanamides according to formula 1 such as N,N-dimethylpropianamide are effective stabilizing agents that stabilize transcript levels and thus the gene transcription profile by inhibiting alterations in the transcript levels and furthermore, are capable of stabilizing cells so that cells can be isolated from the stabilized sample for analysis.

II. Stabilization of the Extracellular Nucleic Acid Population in Blood Samples Using N,N Dialkylpropanamides Either Alone or in Combination with a Caspase Inhibitor

Materials and Methods

N,N dimethylpropanamide (DMPA) was tested for its ability to stabilize a cell-containing biological sample, here a whole blood sample, either alone or in combination with a caspase inhibitor. As can be seen from the below examples, DMPA efficiently stabilize blood samples and in particular, were found to inhibit the release of genomic DNA from cells comprised in the stabilized blood sample. Thus, N,N dialkylpropanamides are capable of stabilizing the extracellular nucleic acid population. Furthermore, it was found that N,N dialkylpropanamide in combination with a caspase inhibitor advantageously improved the achieved stabilization effect. A respective combination resulted in a prolonged stabilization effect and furthermore, showed less variation in the stabilization effect achieved with blood samples obtained from different donors. This is an important advantage, as it provides a uniform, reliable stabilization method for blood samples which preserves the extracellular nucleic acid population.

Blood Collection and Stabilization

Blood obtained from donors was collected into 10 ml K2 EDTA tubes (BD). 4.5 ml of the respectively collected blood was mixed with 0.9 ml of different stabilization solutions (see below examples on the details of the tested stabilization solutions).

All stabilized blood samples were set up in triplicates per condition and test time point. At time point 0 (reference), immediately after mixing the stabilization solution and blood, plasma was generated and the circulating extracellular DNA was extracted. The residual stabilized blood sample was stored for three days and six days at room temperature.

As a reference control, the EDTA stabilized blood sample (collected in K2 EDTA tubes without further additives) was also stored for 3 and 6 days. Furthermore, where indicated in the examples, a stabilization solution comprising a caspase inhibitor and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAA) was included in the comparison (final concentration in the mixture that is obtained when adding said stabilization solution to the blood sample: 7.2 mg K2 EDTA/ml, 1 μM Quinoline-Val-Asp-CH2-OPH (caspase inhibitor) and 5% DMAA) (see unpublished PCT/EP2012/070211 and PCT/EP2012/068850). DMAA stabilized samples as tested herein always included additionally a caspase inhibitor. No DMAA containing stabilizing solutions without caspase inhibitor were tested in the subsequent examples.

Extracellular Nucleic Acid Isolation and Analysis

Plasma was generated from the stabilized and unstabilized (EDTA) blood samples by inverting the blood containing tubes for four times. Then, the tubes were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1900 xg at 4° C. 2.5 ml of the plasma fraction was transferred into a fresh 15 ml falcon tube and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 16.000 xg at 4° C. 2 ml of the respectively cleared plasma was used for extracellular nucleic acid isolation using the QIAamp circulating nucleic acid kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The isolated extracellular DNA was analyzed using two different qPCR assays, targeting different fragment lengths of the 18S ribosomal DNA:

18S ribosomal DNA: 66 by amplicon

18S ribosomal DNA: 500 by amplicon

TABLE 2 summarizes the information of the used DNA target sequences detected by qPCR Target de- Sequence scription position position 5′-3′ dye h18S rDNA p12-region Forward GCCGCTAGAGGTG 5′ 66 bp  of chromo- AAATTCTTG Cy5- amplicon some 13, (SEQ ID BHQ 3′ 14, 15, NO: 66) 21, 22 reverse CATTCTTGGCAAA TGCTTTCG (SEQ ID  NO: 67) probe ACCGGCGCAAGAC GGACCAGA (SEQ ID  NO: 68) h18S rDNA p12-region forward GTCGCTCGCTCCT 5′ 500 bp of chromo- CTCCTACTT FAM- amplicon some 13, (SEQ ID  BHQ 3′ 14, 15, NO: 69) 21, 22 reverse GGCTGCTGGCACC AGACTT (SEQ ID  NO: 70) probe CTAATACATGCCG ACGGGCGCTGAC (SEQ ID  NO: 71)

Cycle threshholds of the individual samples were translated into amount of gDNA in the eluate, according to a gDNA standard curve. The gDNA amount of the storage time points was compared to the time zero gDNA level from the same donor and is shown as fold increase in the figures. Especially the increase of the 500 bp fragment in the plasma fraction of the blood sample after storage is an indication for a lysis/destruction of white blood cells. Thus, the lower the amount of released 500 bp DNA, the better the performance of the stabilization method.

Results

The figures showing the results corresponding to the subsequently described examples show the increase of DNA relative to time point 0 with the different stabilization solutions (fold change) using different amplicon lengths of 18S rRNA gene. Bars indicate the mean of the triplicate samples per condition and test time point.

Example 2 Stabilization Using N,N Dimethylpropanamide without Caspase Inhibitor

In example 2, different concentrations of N,N dimethylpropanamide (DMPA) were used for stabilizing blood samples obtained from different donors. The focus of the analysis was the stabilization of the extracellular nucleic acid population as determined by analyzing the increase of 18S rDNA. Stabilization and processing of the samples were performed as described in materials and methods under II.

The stabilization solutions without caspase inhibitor comprised N,N dimethylpropanamide in different concentrations and EDTA. When adding these stabilization solutions to the blood sample, the following final concentrations were obtained in the blood/stabilization solution mixture: 7.2 mg K2 EDTA/ml and different concentrations of N,N dimethylpropanamide (1.5%, 2% or 2.5%). DMAA stabilized samples (5%) were also included as reference.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show the stabilization results obtained when blood was stabilized with DMPA in different concentrations. As can be seen, the tested stabilization compositions comprising DMPA as stabilizer were in different concentrations effective to stabilize the extracellular nucleic acid population as can be seen from the significantly reduced increase in 18S rDNA in the N-methylformamide stabilized samples. The stabilization effect was seen over the whole stabilization period tested (up to 6 days), even though DMPA was the only stabilizing agent and rather low concentrations were used.

Example 3 Stabilization with N,N Dimethylpropanamide and Caspase Inhibitor

Blood from two different donors was collected into 10 ml K2 EDTA tubes (BD). 4.5 ml of the respectively collected blood was mixed with 0.9 ml stabilization solution comprising N,N dimethylpropanamide, EDTA and a caspase inhibitor. Thereby, the following final concentration in the blood/stabilization mixture was obtained which is as follows:

7.2 mg K2 EDTA, 1 μM Quinoline-Val-Asp-CH2-OPH (caspase inhibitor) and 2.5%, 5% or 7.5% (v/v) N,N dimetylpropanamide or 5% (v/v) DMAA, respectively.

All stabilized blood samples were set up in triplicates per condition and test time point. At time point 0 (reference), immediately after mixing the stabilization solution and blood, plasma was generated and the ccfDNA was extracted. The residual blood sample was stored for three days and six days at room temperature. As a control, the EDTA stabilized blood sample was also stored for 3 and 6 days. The plasma was generated from the stabilized and unstabilized (EDTA) blood samples by inverting the blood containing tubes for four times. Then, the tubes were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3.000 rpm/1912 xg. 2.5 ml of the plasma fraction was transferred into a fresh 15 ml falcon tube and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 16.000 xg. 2 ml of the respectively cleared plasma was used for isolating the extracellular nucleic acid using the QIAamp circulating nucleic acid kit.

The results are shown in shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. Shown is the increase of DNA relative to time point 0 with 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% N,N dimethylpropanamide or 5% DMAA (fold change) using different amplicon lengths of 18SrRNA gene. Bars indicate the mean of the triplicate samples per condition and test time point. All solutions according to the present inventions show significantly lower amounts of released DNA after storage for 3 and 6 days at room temperature compared to the unstabilized EDTA blood and show comparable results to DMAA.

Example 4 Stabilization with N,N Dimethylpropanamide and Caspase Inhibitor

Blood from two different donors was collected into 10 ml K2 EDTA tubes (BD). 4.5 ml of the respectively collected blood was mixed with 0.9 ml stabilization solution containing K2 EDTA, Quinoline-Val-Asp-CH2-OPH (caspase inhibitor—dissolved in DMSO), and either different concentrations of N,N dimethylpropanamide (DMPA) or DMAA. Stabilization and processing of the samples were performed as described in materials and methods under II.

The following final concentration in the blood/stabilization mixture was obtained:

7.2 mg K2 EDTA/ml, 1 μM Quinoline-Val-Asp-CH2-OPH (caspase inhibitor) and different concentrations of N,N dimethylporpanamide (2.5%, 5% or 7.5%) or 5% DMAA.

The results are shown in shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. The focus of the analysis was the stabilization of the extracellular nucleic acid population as determined by analyzing the increase of 18S rDNA. Shown is the increase of DNA relative to time point 0 with 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% N,N dimethylpropanamide (DMPA) or 5% DMAA with caspase inhibitor (fold change) using different amplicon lengths of 18SrRNA gene. Bars indicate the mean of the triplicate samples per condition and test time point. As can be seen, solutions according to the present inventions show significantly lower amounts of released DNA after storage for 3 and 6 days at room temperature compared to the unstabilized EDTA blood and showed comparable results to the stabilization DMAA+caspase inhibitor. Thus, a stabilization of the extracellular nucleic acid population was achieved. Furthermore, the obtained plasma was inspected in order to analyse whether hemolysis occurred. In particular, plasma samples obtained from blood samples stabilized with 2.5% and 5% DMPA did not show signs of hemolysis.

Example 5 Stabilization with N,N Dimethylpropanamide and Caspase Inhibitor

In example 5, different concentrations of DMPA were used in combination with a caspase inhibitor for stabilizing blood samples. The focus of the analysis was the stabilization of the extracellular nucleic acid population as determined by analyzing the increase of 18S rDNA. Stabilization and processing of the samples were performed as described in materials and methods under II.

The stabilization solutions comprised DMPA in different concentrations, a caspase inhibitor and EDTA. When adding these stabilization solutions to the blood sample, the following final concentrations were obtained in the blood/stabilization solution mixture:

7.2 mg K2 EDTA/ml, 1 μM Quinoline-Val-Asp-CH2-OPH (caspase inhibitor) and different concentrations of DMPA (see figures for details).

FIGS. 12 to 16 show the stabilization results obtained for blood from different donors wherein the blood samples were stabilized with DMPA in different concentrations (see figures for details) and a caspase inhibitor. As can be seen, the tested stabilization compositions comprising DMPA in different concentrations were effective to stabilize the extracellular nucleic acid population as can be seen from the significantly reduced increase in 18S rDNA in the DMPA stabilized samples. Thus, DMPA is highly effective in different concentrations to stabilize blood samples in combination with a caspase inhibitor. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample, comprising: (a) contacting the sample with at least one compound according to formula 1

wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an alkyl residue, R2 and R3 are identical or different hydrocarbon residues with a length of the carbon chain of 1-20 atoms arranged in a linear or branched manner, and R4 is an oxygen, sulphur or selenium residue and wherein said compound according to formula 1 is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound according to formula 1 is N,N-dimethylpropanamide.
 3. The method according to claim 1, having one or more of the following characteristics: a) the degradation of nucleic acids present in the sample is reduced due to the stabilization; b) the transcriptome and/or transcript levels in contained cells is stabilized; c) the transcript level of one or more marker genes selected from c-fos, IL-1beta, IL-8 and p53 is stabilized for at least 48h upon stabilization; d) the method is suitable for stabilizing an extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in the cell-containing sample; e) the release of genomic DNA from cells contained in the sample into the cell-free portion of the sample is reduced, and/or f) wherein cells comprised in the cell-containing biological sample are stabilized.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cell-containing biological sample is a blood sample, the blood sample is additionally contacted with an anticoagulant, and the transcript levels in the cells contained in the blood sample are stabilized.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method has one or more of the following characteristics: a) the stabilization does not promote the lysis of nucleated cells contained in the cell-containing sample; b) the stabilization method is performed without the crosslinking of the sample; and/or c) the stabilization does not involve the use of a cross-linking agent that induces nucleic acid-nucleic acid protein-nucleic acid and/or protein-protein cross-links.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cell-containing biological sample is additionally contacted with a caspase inhibitor.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method has one or more of the following characteristics: a) N,N-dialkylpropanamide and optionally further additives are comprised in a stabilising composition and wherein the volumetric ratio of the stabilising composition to the cell-containing sample is selected from 10:1 to 1:20, 5:1 to 1:15, 1:1 to 1:10 and 1:2 to 1:5; b) the stabilized cell-containing sample is subjected to a nucleic acid analysis and/or detection method; c) intra- and/or extracellular nucleic acids are isolated from the stabilized sample and the isolated nucleic acids are analysed and/or detected; d) cells comprised in the stabilized sample are removed; e) (i) the stabilized cell-containing biological sample, (ii) the stabilized sample from which cells have been removed and/or (iii) cells removed from the sample are stored; and/or f) nucleic acids are isolated from the stabilized sample.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the removed cells are analysed and/or wherein biomolecules such as nucleic acids or proteins are isolated from the removed cells.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (b) isolating nucleic acids from the sample stabilized with the at least one compound according to formula
 1. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein step (b) comprises isolating intracellular nucleic acids.
 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein step (b) comprises isolating extracellular nucleic acids.
 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the cell-containing biological sample is blood, cells in blood are separated from the remaining sample, and extracellular nucleic acids are isolated from the remaining sample.
 13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising processing and/or analyzing the nucleic acids isolated from step (b).
 14. A composition suitable for stabilizing a cell-containing biological sample, comprising a) at least one compound according to formula 1

wherein R1 is a hydrogen residue or an alkyl residue, R2 and R3 are identical or different hydrocarbon residues with a length of the carbon chain of 1-20 atoms arranged in a linear or branched manner, and R4 is an oxygen, sulphur or selenium residue and wherein said compound according to formula 1 is an N,N-dialkylpropanamide; and b) at least one anticoagulant.
 15. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the N,N-dialkylpropanamide is N,N-dimethylpropanamide and wherein the anticoagulant is a chelating agent.
 16. The composition according to claim 14, wherein the composition further comprises an apoptosis inhibitor.
 17. The composition according to claim 14, having one or more of the following characteristics: a) it is capable of stabilizing cells and reducing the release of genomic DNA from cells contained in the cell-containing biological sample into the cell-free portion of the sample; b) it is capable of reducing the dilution of the extracellular DNA population comprised in the biological sample with genomic DNA originating from cells contained in the stabilized sample; c) it is capable of reducing the dilution of the extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in the biological sample with intracellular nucleic acids originating from cells contained in the stabilized sample; d) the stabilization composition does not comprise additives in a concentration wherein said additives would induce or promote cell lysis; e) the stabilization composition does not comprise a cross-linking agent that induces protein-DNA and/or protein-protein crosslinks; f) the stabilization composition does not comprise formaldehyde, formaline, paraformaldehyde or a formaldehyde releaser; g) the stabilization composition does not comprise a toxic agent and/or h) the stabilization composition is capable of stabilizing extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in the cell-containing biological sample without refrigeration for a time period selected from at least two days, at least three days, at least two days to three days, at least two days to six days and/or at least two days to seven days; i) the composition is capable of stabilizing the gene transcription profile of contained cells and/or is capable of stabilizing an extracellular nucleic acid population comprised in a cell-containing sample; and/or j) wherein the stabilizing composition is provided as mixture with a blood sample.
 18. The method according to claim 6, wherein the caspase inhibitor is a pancaspase inhibitor.
 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein step (a) further comprises contacting the cell-containing biological sample with a caspase inhibitor.
 20. The method according to claim 10, wherein the intracellular nucleic acid is intracellular RNA. 